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Although the city of Barcelona has historically been considered a low-risk area, recent environmental and\ndemographic changes may favor parasite transmission. This study aimed to estimate and compare the positivity to\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      using serological and molecular methods in dogs\nreferred to a veterinary hospital in the city of Barcelona (urban) and to another located in its residential metropolitan area (peri-\nurban), and to assess potential associated risk factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to September 2023 at two veterinary referral hospitals in the urban (hospital A) and peri-urban (hospital B) areas of Barcelona. Blood and conjunctival swab samples were analyzed by quantitative ELISA and qPCR targeting\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      kinetoplast DNA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 189 client-owned dogs were enrolled (77 from hospital A and 112 from hospital B). Of these, 93\/189 (49.2%) were presented for an annual check-up and appeared healthy, while 96\/189 (50.8%) were sick.\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection\u2014defined as positivity by ELISA and\/or qPCR\u2014was detected in 10.6% (20\/189) dogs, exclusively among sick patients (20\/96;20.8%). None of the healthy dogs tested positive. Both serological and molecular tests yielded a 6.3% (12\/189) positivity. All qPCR-positive dogs belonged to hospital B, resulting in a higher positivity rate among dogs referred to the peri-urban hospital (15.2%) than among those referred to the urban hospital (3.9%). Significant associations were identified between positivity and both clinical status (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and hospital location (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.013), but not with the other variables evaluated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings confirm active\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission among dogs in Barcelona, with higher positivity among dogs referred to a hospital in the peri-urban area.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07545-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T14:44:34Z","timestamp":1782485074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serological and molecular positivity for Leishmania infantum in dogs referred to two veterinary hospitals in Barcelona, Spain"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Corominas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireia","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e0udia","family":"Vi\u00f1eta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carles","family":"Blasi-Brugu\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Pol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Francino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1098-2381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Roura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"7545_CR1","volume-title":"Terrestrial animal health code","author":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)","year":"2024","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). 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