{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:40:11Z","timestamp":1792431611891,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":89,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ambassade de France of Cameroun","award":["020901A10305 FSPI-rapide, programme, ZOOSANTE project."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["020901A10305 FSPI-rapide, programme, ZOOSANTE project."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonotic disease of growing public health importance worldwide. Despite its recognized presence in neighboring countries, data on the occurrence and molecular characteristics of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) in ticks from Cameroon remain scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between March 2023 and November 2024, ticks were collected from cattle (originating from Adamawa and North regions) at the Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9 municipal slaughterhouse located in the Adamawa region of Cameroon. Specimens were morphologically identified, pooled, and screened for CCHFV RNA using real-time RT-qPCR. Minimum infection rates (MIR) were calculated. Positive samples underwent amplification and sequencing of the S and L genomic segments, followed by phylogenetic analysis using the Maximum Likelihood method (1,000 bootstrap replicates).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 299 adult ticks were collected from 50 cattle and grouped into 85 pools. Four pools tested positive for CCHFV RNA, all belonging to\n                      <jats:italic>Hyalomma rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>H. nitidum<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Partial sequences of the S (1,537 nt) and L (11,530 nt) segments were successfully obtained from one\n                      <jats:italic>H. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      pool. Phylogenetic analysis placed both segments within genotype III (Africa 3).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study provides the first molecular characterization of CCHFV from\n                      <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic>\n                      ticks collected from cattle in Cameroon. The findings underscore the need to integrate molecular surveillance and tick control into national One Health strategies to prevent potential spillover to humans.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07560-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:37:12Z","timestamp":1784734632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic characterization of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Hyalomma ticks from Cameroon highlights circulation of the Africa 3 lineage"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Armand","family":"Namekong Fokeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Mvodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mor\u00e9na","family":"Gasparine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Thirion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manchang Tanyi","family":"Kinsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Fewou Mfoujouem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Charrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"de Lamballerie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archile","family":"Paguem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Falchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"7560_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00871-9","volume":"21","author":"DW Hawman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hawman DW, Feldmann H. Crimean\u2013Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21:463\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-023-00871-9.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"7560_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3282a56a0a","volume":"20","author":"R Vorou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vorou R, Pierroutsakos IN, Maltezou HC. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2007;20:495\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3282a56a0a.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"7560_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18805\/IJAR.BF-1601","author":"AR Babao\u011flu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Babao\u011flu AR, O\u011fuz F, K\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7 \u00d6, \u00c7etin N, Aslan L. Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection in domestic ruminants in Van Province, a non-endemic Region in Turkey. Indian J Anim Res. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18805\/IJAR.BF-1601.","journal-title":"Indian J Anim Res."},{"key":"7560_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009299","volume":"15","author":"JTE Belobo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Belobo JTE, Kenmoe S, Kengne-Nde C, Emoh CPD, Bowo-Ngandji A, Tchatchouang S, et al. Worldwide epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in humans, ticks and other animal species, a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15:e0009299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009299.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"7560_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050928","volume":"10","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmed A, Ali Y, Salim B, Dietrich I, Zinsstag J. Epidemics of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Sudan between 2010 and 2020. Microorganisms. 2022;10:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10050928.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"7560_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00656-X","volume":"25","author":"AE Semper","year":"2024","unstructured":"Semper AE, Olver J, Warner J, Cehovin A, Fay PC, Hart PJ, et al. Research and product development for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: priorities for 2024\u201330. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;25:e223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00656-X.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"7560_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010217","volume":"16","author":"LG Gordon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gordon LG, Bessell PR, Nkongho EF, Ngwa VN, Tanya VN, Sander M, et al. Seroepidemiology of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever among cattle in Cameroon: implications from a One Health perspective. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16:e0010217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010217.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"7560_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578518","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1578518","volume":"9","author":"M Gasparine","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gasparine M, Namekong Fokeng A, Lopez E, Mvodo S, Thirion L, Paguem A, et al. First report of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus exposure in human and livestock populations, Center Region, Cameroon. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025;9:1578518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1578518.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"7560_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001159","volume":"5","author":"IE Aradaib","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aradaib IE, Erickson BR, Karsany MS, Khristova ML, Elageb RM, Mohamed MEH, et al. Multiple Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains are associated with disease outbreaks in Sudan, 2008\u20132009. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001159.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"7560_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814000818","volume":"142","author":"D Goedhals","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goedhals D, Bester PA, Paweska JT, Swanepoel R, Burt FJ. Next-generation sequencing of southern African Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus isolates reveals a high frequency of M segment reassortment. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142:1952\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268814000818.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"7560_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4314\/ijbcs.v13i1.13","volume":"13","author":"AM Sassa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sassa AM, Wassah RD, Awah JN. Pr\u00e9valence et facteurs de risque des h\u00e9moparasitoses chez les petits ruminants abattus dans la ville de Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9 au Cameroun. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2019;13:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ijbcs.v13i1.13.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Chem Sci"},{"key":"7560_CR12","unstructured":"Amougou JA, Abossolo SA. Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9 en rapport avec les anomalies de la temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019oc\u00e9an atlantique et el nino. 2015. https:\/\/revist.net\/REVIST_25\/REVIST_25_9.pdf?"},{"key":"7560_CR13","unstructured":"Minepat. Atlas cartographique de l\u2019Adamaoua. 2018;92."},{"key":"7560_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2023.100922","volume":"45","author":"A Paguem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paguem A, Kamtsap P, Manchang TK, Yembo J, Achukwi MD, Streit A, et al. Species identity and phylogeny of Paramphistomoidea Fischoeder, 1901 occurring in cattle and sheep in North Cameroon. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep. 2023;45:100922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vprsr.2023.100922.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep"},{"key":"7560_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.10.005","volume":"6","author":"DN Awa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Awa DN, Adakal H, Luogbou NDD, Wachong KH, Leinyuy I, Achukwi MD. Cattle ticks in Cameroon: is Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus absent in Cameroon and the Central African region? Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2015;6:117\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.10.005.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"7560_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3738-7","volume":"12","author":"BA Silatsa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Silatsa BA, Simo G, Githaka N, Mwaura S, Kamga RM, Oumarou F, et al. A comprehensive survey of the prevalence and spatial distribution of ticks infesting cattle in different agro-ecological zones of Cameroon. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3738-7.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7560_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijast.20210503.11","volume":"5","author":"MM Th\u00e9r\u00e8se","year":"2021","unstructured":"Th\u00e9r\u00e8se MM, Pierre S, Abdoulmoumini M, Djaouda M, Simonet PNR, Dickmu S, et al. Distribution and seasonal dynamics of tick species infesting cattle in nocturnal and daytime systems of livestock in the Far North Region, Cameroon. Int J Anim Sci Technol. 2021;5:47\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.ijast.20210503.11.","journal-title":"Int J Anim Sci Technol"},{"key":"7560_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-021-00656-w","volume":"85","author":"A Schulz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schulz A, Methling K, Lalk M, Eisenbarth A, Keller M, Groschup MH. Ethanol inactivation of orthonairoviruses in ixodid ticks. Exp Appl Acarol. 2021;85:75\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10493-021-00656-w.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"7560_CR19","unstructured":"Walker A, Bouattour A, Camicas JL, Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, Horak I, Latif A, Pegram RG, Preston PM. Ticks of Domestic Animals in Africa: a guide to identification of species. 2003."},{"key":"7560_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2021.114075","volume":"290","author":"S Balinandi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balinandi S, von Br\u00f6mssen C, Tumusiime A, Kyondo J, Kwon H, Monteil VM, et al. Serological and molecular study of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in cattle from selected districts in Uganda. J Virol Methods. 2021;290:114075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jviromet.2021.114075.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"7560_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msae263","volume":"41","author":"S Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Suleski M, Sanderford M, Sharma S, Tamura K. MEGA12: molecular evolutionary genetic analysis Version 12 for adaptive and green computing. Mol Biol Evol. 2024;41:msae263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msae263.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"7560_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01769","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01769-25","volume":"13","author":"P Ghosh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghosh P, Hazarika A, Chowdhury MAA, Sultana S, Mithila NT, Shahid S, et al. Molecular xenosurveillance of Aedes mosquitoes reveals dengue virus serotype-2 during an outbreak in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Microbiol Spectr. 2025;13:e01769-e1825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01769-25.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"7560_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(98)00131-7","volume":"39","author":"DW Cowling","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cowling DW, Gardner IA, Johnson WO. Comparison of methods for estimation of individual-level prevalence based on pooled samples. Prev Vet Med. 1999;39:211\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0167-5877(98)00131-7.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"7560_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-102","volume":"11","author":"JHO Pettersson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pettersson JHO, Golovljova I, Vene S, Jaenson TG. Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks in northern Europe with particular reference to Southern Sweden. Parasit Vectors. 2014;11:102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-7-102.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7560_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.07.006","volume":"100","author":"DA Bente","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bente DA, Forrester NL, Watts DM, McAuley AJ, Whitehouse CA, Bray M. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity. Antiviral Res. 2013;100:159\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.07.006.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"7560_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1132495","volume":"28","author":"H Simo Tchetgna","year":"2023","unstructured":"Simo Tchetgna H, Yousseu FS, Cosset FL, de Freitas NB, Kamgang B, McCall PJ, et al. Molecular and serological evidence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus prevalence in livestock and ticks in Cameroon. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;28:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1132495.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"7560_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101382","volume":"11","author":"A Schulz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schulz A, Karger A, Bettin B, Eisenbarth A, Sas MA, Silaghi C, et al. Molecular discrimination of Hyalomma tick species serving as reservoirs and vectors for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in sub-Saharan Africa. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2020;11:101382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101382.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis"},{"key":"7560_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010846","volume":"16","author":"SI Bonnet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bonnet SI, Vourc\u2019h G, Raffetin A, Falchi A, Figoni J, Fite J, et al. The control of Hyalomma ticks, vectors of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: Where are we now and where are we going? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16:e0010846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010846.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"7560_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00970-5","author":"J de la Fuente","year":"2024","unstructured":"de la Fuente J, Ghosh S, Lempereur L, Garrison A, Sprong H, Lopez-Camacho C, et al. Interventions for the control of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and tick vectors. NPJ Vaccines. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-024-00970-5.","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"7560_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316770","volume":"20","author":"OB Daodu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Daodu OB, Shaibu JO, Audu RA, Oluwayelu DO. Genetic tracking of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic orthonairovirus in Hyalomma population infesting cattle in Nigeria. PLoS ONE. 2025;20:e0316770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0316770.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7560_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04819-x","volume":"14","author":"A Schulz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schulz A, Barry Y, Stoek F, Pickin MJ, Ba A, Chitimia-Dobler L, et al. Detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in blood-fed Hyalomma ticks collected from Mauritanian livestock. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14:342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04819-x.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7560_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2022.856179","volume":"3","author":"A Bedouhene","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bedouhene A, Kelanemer R, Medrouh B, Kernif T, Saidi F, Tail G, et al. Seasonal dynamics and predilection sites of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) feeding on cows in the western parts of the Djurdjura, Algeria. Front Trop Dis. 2022;3:856179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fitd.2022.856179.","journal-title":"Front Trop Dis"},{"key":"7560_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1305-z","volume":"27","author":"A Biguezoton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Biguezoton A, Adehan S, Adakal H, Zoungrana S, Farougou S, Chevillon C. Community structure, seasonal variations and interactions between native and invasive cattle tick species in Benin and Burkina Faso. Parasit Vectors. 2016;27:43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1305-z.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7560_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11158\/saa.23.6.12","author":"H Senbill","year":"1888","unstructured":"Senbill H, Hazarika LK, Baruah A, Borah DK, Bhattacharyya B, Rahman S. Life cycle of the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Canestrini 1888 (Acari: Ixodidae) under laboratory conditions. Syst Appl Acarol. 1888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11158\/saa.23.6.12.","journal-title":"Syst Appl Acarol"},{"key":"7560_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040513","volume":"12","author":"SI Bonnet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bonnet SI, Bertagnoli S, Falchi A, Figoni J, Fite J, Hoch T, et al. An update of evidence for pathogen transmission by ticks of the genus Hyalomma. Pathogens. 2023;12:513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12040513.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"7560_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-010-9390-8","volume":"53","author":"M Madder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Madder M, Thys E, Achi L, Tour\u00e9 A, De Deken R. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: a most successful invasive tick species in West-Africa. Exp Appl Acarol. 2011;53:139\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10493-010-9390-8.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"7560_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2021.e00832","volume":"1","author":"ES Okwuonu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Okwuonu ES, Andong FA, Ugwuanyi IK. Association of ticks with seasons, age, and cattle color of North-Western region of Nigeria. Sci Afr. 2021;1:e00832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2021.e00832.","journal-title":"Sci Afr"},{"key":"7560_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3167\/np.2012.160203","volume":"16","author":"C Corniaux","year":"2012","unstructured":"Corniaux C, Th\u00e9baud B, Gautier D. La Mobilit\u00e9 Commerciale Du B\u00e9tail Entre Le Sahel Et Les Pays C\u00f4tiers: L\u2019avenir Du Convoyage \u00c0 Pied. Nomadic Peoples. 2012;16:6\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3167\/np.2012.160203.","journal-title":"Nomadic Peoples"},{"key":"7560_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-019-0150-z","volume":"9","author":"MD Turner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turner MD, Schlecht E. Livestock mobility in sub-Saharan Africa: a critical review. Pastoralism. 2019;9:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13570-019-0150-z.","journal-title":"Pastoralism"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07560-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07560-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07560-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:02:48Z","timestamp":1792429368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07560-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07560-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the research ethics review committee of the University of Buea (decision No. 2009\/032\/REFOTDE\/GA). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements (animal ethical clearance No. 015\/RIAEC\/2024).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"452"}}