{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:51:08Z","timestamp":1791471068546,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":87,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Zika virus (ZIKV) emergence in the Americas was driven by Asian-lineage strains, whereas African lineages represent the ancestral form of the virus and remain understudied in terms of transmission potential. Whether genetic differences between viral strains influence their ability to infect and be transmitted by American\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes remains unclear. We investigated strain-specific differences in vector competence, host transcriptional responses, and viral genomic variation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Zika virus strains representing Neotropical (Honduras) and Old-World (Senegal) lineages were orally administered to\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes via infectious blood meals. Vector competence was assessed at 14\u00a0days post-infection by quantifying infection, dissemination, and transmission using RT-qPCR targeting the NS1 gene. RNAseq was performed on infected mosquitoes to evaluate strain-associated transcriptional responses, followed by differential expression analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dissemination was markedly higher for the Neotropical strain, as was transmission. Viral loads were significantly higher in whole bodies, legs, and saliva of Neotropical-infected mosquitoes. Neotropical infection suppressed immune- and barrier-associated genes. We observed nucleotide divergence between isolates; the Neotropical strain harbored three nonsynonymous substitutions (Envelope, NS1, NS2A), whereas the Old-World strain retained a single NS2A substitution. Infection did not alter secondary blood-feeding success but significantly reduced fecundity especially among the population exposed to the Neotropical strain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The evaluated Neotropical and Old-World ZIKV isolates exhibit markedly different transmission efficiencies in Mexican\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Limited amino acid variation in structural and replication-associated proteins, together with strain-specific host gene modulation, may contribute to the enhanced transmission potential of the Neotropical isolate. These findings highlight specific viral genetic backgrounds as critical determinants of intra-vector dynamics and transmission risk.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07569-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T14:54:23Z","timestamp":1783954463000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structural and nonstructural protein divergence correlates with strain-specific vector competence for Zika virus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Rhoda Ntim","family":"Owusu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay P.","family":"Chelikani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millicent","family":"Sifuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Bretton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justice Libertyann","family":"Ward-Polonski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwasi Baako","family":"Antwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Kiio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelien","family":"Vigneron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Gorreti","family":"Onyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"7569_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S860","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix451","volume":"216","author":"DJ Gubler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gubler DJ, Vasilakis N, Musso D. History and emergence of Zika virus. J Infect Dis. 2017;216:S860\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jix451.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"7569_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805715","volume":"360","author":"MR Duffy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT, Powers AM, Kool JL, Lanciotti RS, et al. Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2536\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0805715.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7569_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"O595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.09.017","volume":"20","author":"D Musso","year":"2014","unstructured":"Musso D, Nilles EJ, Cao-Lormeau VM. Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area. Infection. 2014;20:O595\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.09.017.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"7569_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO statement on the first meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR 2005) Emergency Committee on Zika virus and observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations. 1 Feb 2016 [cited 23 Feb 2026]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/01-02-2016-who-statement-on-the-first-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-(ihr-2005)-emergency-committee-on-zika-virus-and-observed-increase-in-neurological-disorders-and-neonatal-malformations"},{"key":"7569_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.190928","volume":"26","author":"O Faye","year":"2015","unstructured":"Faye O, de Lourdes Monteiro M, Vrancken B, Prot M, Lequime S, Diarra M, et al. Genomic epidemiology of 2015-2016 Zika virus outbreak in Cape Verde. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;26:1084\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2606.190928.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"7569_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30293-2","volume":"19","author":"SC Hill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hill SC, Vasconcelos J, Neto Z, Jandondo D, Z\u00e9-Z\u00e9 L, Aguiar RS, et al. Emergence of the Asian lineage of Zika virus in Angola: an outbreak investigation. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:1138\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30293-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"7569_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz077","volume":"113","author":"B Kisuya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kisuya B, Masika MM, Bahizire E, Oyugi JO. Seroprevalence of Zika virus in selected regions in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2019;113:735\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/trz077.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7569_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5914-y","volume":"18","author":"MM Tsegaye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsegaye MM, Beyene B, Ayele W, Abebe A, Tareke I, Sall A, et al. Sero-prevalence of yellow fever and related Flavi viruses in Ethiopia: a public health perspective. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:1011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5914-y.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"7569_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001113","volume":"99","author":"JT Kayiwa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kayiwa JT, Nankya AM, Ataliba IJ, Mossel EC, Crabtree MB, Lutwama JJ. Confirmation of Zika virus infection through hospital-based sentinel surveillance of acute febrile illness in Uganda, 2014\u20132017. J Gen Virol. 2018;99:1248\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001113.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"7569_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-019-1176-y","volume":"16","author":"E Chepkorir","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chepkorir E, Tchouassi DP, Konongoi SL, Lutomiah J, Tigoi C, Irura Z, et al. Serological evidence of Flavivirus circulation in human populations in Northern Kenya: an assessment of disease risk 2016-2017. Virol J. 2016;16:65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-019-1176-y.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"7569_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa158","volume":"222","author":"TA Gobillot","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gobillot TA, Kikawa C, Lehman DA, Kinuthia J, Drake AL, Jaoko W, et al. Zika virus circulates at low levels in western and coastal Kenya. J Infect Dis. 2020;222:847\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa158.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"7569_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31051-6","volume":"389","author":"C Nutt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nutt C, Adams P. Zika in Africa\u2014the invisible epidemic? Lancet. 2017;389:1595\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31051-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7569_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-016-3774-9","volume":"31","author":"S Shen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shen S, Shi J, Wang J, Tang S, Wang H, Hu Z, et al. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the central roles of two African countries in the evolution and worldwide spread of Zika virus. Virol Sin. 2016;31:118\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12250-016-3774-9.","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"7569_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4479","DOI":"10.3390\/v6114479","volume":"6","author":"S Sim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sim S, Jupatanakul N, Dimopoulos G. Mosquito immunity against arboviruses. Viruses. 2014;6:4479\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v6114479.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"7569_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7257","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409393102","volume":"102","author":"RA Zambon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zambon RA, Nandakumar M, Vakharia VN, Wu LP. The Toll pathway is important for an antiviral response in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:7257\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0409393102.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"7569_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.02411","volume":"133","author":"NI Arbouzova","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arbouzova NI, Zeidler MP. JAK\/STAT signalling in Drosophila: insights into conserved regulatory and cellular functions. Development. 2006;133:2605\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.02411.","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"7569_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.01.017","volume":"102","author":"I Sanchez-Vargas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sanchez-Vargas I, Travanty EA, Keene KM, Franz AWE, Beaty BJ, Blair CD, et al. RNA interference, arthropod-borne viruses, and mosquitoes. Virus Res. 2004;102:65\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.01.017.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"7569_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.12.004","volume":"34","author":"C R\u00fcckert","year":"2018","unstructured":"R\u00fcckert C, Ebel GD. How do virus\u2013mosquito interactions lead to viral emergence? Trends Parasitol. 2018;34:310\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2017.12.004.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"7569_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003621","volume":"9","author":"T Fansiri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fansiri T, Fontaine A, Diancourt L, Caro V, Thaisomboonsuk B, Richardson JH, et al. Genetic mapping of specific interactions between Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and dengue viruses. PLoS Genet. 2013;9:e1003621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003621.","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"7569_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006265","volume":"13","author":"CV Filomatori","year":"2017","unstructured":"Filomatori CV, Carballeda JM, Villordo SM, Aguirre S, Pallar\u00e9s HM, Maestre AM, et al. Dengue virus genomic variation associated with mosquito adaptation defines the pattern of viral non-coding RNAs and fitness in human cells. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13:e1006265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006265.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"7569_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22341-7","volume":"12","author":"VV Rezelj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rezelj VV, Carrau L, Merwaiss F, Levi LI, Erazo D, Tran QD, et al. Defective viral genomes as therapeutic interfering particles against flavivirus infection in mammalian and mosquito hosts. Nat Commun. 2021;12:2290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-22341-7.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"7569_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz112","volume":"56","author":"NK Duggal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duggal NK, Langwig KE, Ebel GD, Brault AC. On the fly: interactions between birds, mosquitoes, and environment that have molded West Nile virus genomic structure over two decades. J Med Entomol. 2019;56:1467\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjz112.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"7569_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002295","volume":"7","author":"S Sim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sim S, Jupatanakul N, Ramirez JL, Kang S, Romero-Vivas CM, Mohammed H, et al. Transcriptomic profiling of diverse Aedes aegypti strains reveals increased basal-level immune activation in dengue virus-refractory populations and identifies novel virus-vector molecular interactions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002295.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"7569_CR24","unstructured":"BEI Resources. Product information sheet for NR-50355. 2016 [cited 23 Feb 2026] www.beiresources.org"},{"key":"7569_CR25","unstructured":"BEI Resources. Product information sheet for NR-50338. 2016 [cited 23 Feb 2026] www.beiresources.org"},{"key":"7569_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05069-7","volume":"14","author":"MG Onyango","year":"2021","unstructured":"Onyango MG, Lange R, Bialosuknia S, Payne A, Mathias N, Kuo L, et al. Zika virus and temperature modulate Elizabethkingia anophelis in Aedes albopictus. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14:507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-05069-7.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7569_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/bioprotoc.3115","volume":"8","author":"W Freppel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Freppel W, Mazeaud C, Chatel-Chaix L. Production, titration and imaging of Zika virus in mammalian cells. Bio Protoc. 2018;8:e3115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21769\/bioprotoc.3115.","journal-title":"Bio Protoc"},{"key":"7569_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/52065","volume":"93","author":"A Baer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baer A, Kehn-Hall K. Viral concentration determination through plaque assays: using traditional and novel overlay systems. J Vis Exp. 2014;93:e52065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/52065.","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"7569_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1707125","volume":"9","author":"MG Onyango","year":"2020","unstructured":"Onyango MG, Bialosuknia SM, Payne AF, Mathias N, Kuo L, Vigneron A, et al. Increased temperatures reduce the vectorial capacity of Aedes mosquitoes for Zika virus. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9:67\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751.2019.1707125.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"7569_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06334-1","volume":"17","author":"MG Onyango","year":"2024","unstructured":"Onyango MG, Payne AF, Stout J, Dieme C, Kuo L, Kramer LD, et al. Aedes albopictus saliva contains a richer microbial community than the midgut. Parasit Vectors. 2024;17:277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06334-1.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7569_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.3.545-551.1992","volume":"30","author":"RS Lanciotti","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lanciotti RS, Calisher CH, Gubler DJ, Chang G, Vorndam V. Rapid detection and typing of dengue viruses from clinical samples by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:545\u201351.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"7569_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.365","volume":"77","author":"RM Moudy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moudy RM, Meola MA, Morin LLL, Ebel GD, Kramer LD. A newly emergent genotype of West Nile virus is transmitted earlier and more efficiently by Culex mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77:365\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.365.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7569_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0430TR","volume":"59","author":"CM Koch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koch CM, Chiu SF, Akbarpour M, Bharat A, Ridge KM, Bartom ET, et al. A beginner\u2019s guide to analysis of RNA sequencing data. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2018;59:145\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0430TR.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"7569_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19872","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319590110","volume":"110","author":"DI Lou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lou DI, McBee RM, Sawyer SL, Hussmann JA, Press WH, Acevedo A, et al. High-throughput DNA sequencing errors are reduced by orders of magnitude using circle sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110:19872\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1319590110.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"7569_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.8.3.175","volume":"8","author":"B Ewing","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ewing B, Hillier L, Wendl MC, Green P. Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using Phred. I. Accuracy assessment. Genome Res. 1998;8:175\u201385.","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"7569_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","volume":"15","author":"MI Love","year":"2014","unstructured":"Love MI, Anders S, Huber W. Differential analysis of count data\u2014the DESeq2 package. Genome Biol. 2014;15:550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"7569_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn615","volume":"25","author":"S Carbon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carbon S, Ireland A, Mungall CJ, Shu S, Marshall B, Lewis S, et al. AmiGO: Online access to ontology and annotation data. Bioinformatics. 2009;25:288\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn615.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"7569_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/75556","volume":"25","author":"M Ashburner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ashburner M, Ball CA, Blake JA, Botstein D, Butler H, Cherry JM, et al. Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. Nat Genet. 2000;25:25\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/75556.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"7569_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17060817","volume":"17","author":"A Roozitalab","year":"2025","unstructured":"Roozitalab A, Zhang J, Zhang C, Tang Q, Zhao RY. The evolving role of Zika virus envelope protein in viral entry and pathogenesis. Viruses. 2025;17:817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17060817.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"7569_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02816-2","volume":"9","author":"H Xia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xia H, Luo H, Shan C, Muruato AE, Nunes BTD, Medeiros DBA, et al. An evolutionary NS1 mutation enhances Zika virus evasion of host interferon induction. Nat Commun. 2018;9:414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-017-02816-2.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"7569_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760170299","volume":"112","author":"E Delatorre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Delatorre E, Mir D, Bello G. Tracing the origin of the NS1 A188V substitution responsible for recent enhancement of Zika virus Asian genotype infectivity. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2017;112:793\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0074-02760170299.","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"7569_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1598291","volume":"8","author":"X Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang X, Xie X, Zou J, Xia H, Shan C, Chen X, et al. Genetic and biochemical characterizations of Zika virus NS2A protein. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2019;8:585\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751.2019.1598291.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"7569_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14111151","volume":"14","author":"I Bribes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bribes I, Nisole S. Zika virus: a tale of two lineages. Pathogens. 2025;14:1151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14111151.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"7569_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22365","volume":"545","author":"Y Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu Y, Liu J, Du S, Shan C, Nie K, Zhang R, et al. Evolutionary enhancement of Zika virus infectivity in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Nature. 2017;545:482\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature22365.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7569_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.052122ok","volume":"50","author":"OA Konstandi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Konstandi OA, Papassideri IS, Stravopodis DJ, Antonelou MH, Kenoutis CA, Stefanidou DC, et al. The dual role of chorion peroxidase in Bactrocera oleae chorion assembly. Int J Dev Biol. 2006;50:543\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1387\/ijdb.052122ok.","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"key":"7569_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.886787","volume":"13","author":"F Feitosa-Suntheimer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feitosa-Suntheimer F, Zhu Z, Mameli E, Dayama G, Gold AS, Broos-Caldwell A, et al. Dengue virus-2 infection affects fecundity and elicits specific transcriptional changes in the ovaries of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:886787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.886787.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"7569_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4033","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.1394","volume":"279","author":"J V\u00e9zilier","year":"2012","unstructured":"V\u00e9zilier J, Nicot A, Gandon S, Rivero A. Plasmodium infection decreases fecundity and increases survival of mosquitoes. Proc Biol Sci. 2012;279:4033\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2012.1394.","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"7569_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-12-135","volume":"12","author":"E Bruns","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bruns E, Carson M, May G. Pathogen and host genotype differently affect pathogen fitness through their effects on different life-history stages. BMC Evol Biol. 2012;12:135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2148-12-135.","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"7569_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111376","volume":"10","author":"N Javed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Javed N, Bhatti A, Paradkar PN. Advances in understanding vector behavioural traits after infection. Pathogens. 2021;10:1376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10111376.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"7569_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040306","volume":"14","author":"J Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu J, Zhou A, Liu Q, Gao Y, Xu S, Lu Y. Genomic insights into vector\u2013pathogen adaptation in Haemaphysalis longicornis and Rhipicephalus microplus. Pathogens. 2025;14:306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14040306.","journal-title":"Pathogens"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07569-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07569-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07569-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:02:16Z","timestamp":1791468136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07569-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07569-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All experimental procedures involving Zika virus and Ae. aegypti were performed under Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) and arthropod containment Level 2 (ACL2) at Texas Tech University, in compliance with institutional guidelines and with approval from the Institutional Biosafety Committee.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"434"}}