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They are emerging and re-emerging pathogens at the wildlife-domestic, animal-human interface. Wild canids are considered important reservoirs and sentinels for vector-borne pathogens, including zoonotic species of\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n . This study evaluated the eco-epidemiological traits and diversity of\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n infections among wild canids from Israel.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Between 2018 and 2025, blood samples from wild canids were collected across 158 sampling sites in Israel. Three canine species were included:\n Canis aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (golden jackal),\n Canis lupus<\/jats:italic>\n (gray wolf), and\n Vulpes vulpes<\/jats:italic>\n (red fox). DNA samples were screened for\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. using real-time qPCR targeting the ITS locus, followed by amplification of\n gltA<\/jats:italic>\n and\n ssrA<\/jats:italic>\n gene fragments for ITS-positive samples. Species, sex, season, climate zone, and sampling site were recorded for each animal and evaluated as explanatory variables for\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n infection status. Associations with\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n positivity were assessed using generalized linear models (GLMs) to determine whether infection prevalence varied according to host and environmental factors.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 473 blood samples were analyzed, including 454 golden jackals, 12 red foxes, and 7 gray wolves. Overall\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n prevalence was 24.9% (113\/454) in golden jackals and 33.3% (4\/12) in red foxes, while no positive wolves were detected. Four\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n species were identified: \u2018\n Candidatus<\/jats:italic>\n Bartonella merieuxii\u2019,\n Bartonella rochalimae<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Bartonella henselae<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Bartonella vinsonii<\/jats:italic>\n subsp.\n berkhoffii<\/jats:italic>\n . \u2018\n Ca<\/jats:italic>\n . B. merieuxii\u2019 was the predominant species detected. Among golden jackals, prevalence remained relatively stable across seasons and was higher in Hot Summer Mediterranean (Csa) and Hot Semi-arid (BSh) climate zones, whereas no positive animals were identified in the Hot desert (BWh) regions. The GLMs revealed no significant associations between\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n prevalence and season, region, climate zone, or sex.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n This study demonstrated a high prevalence and diversity of zoonotic and canid-associated\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n species among wild canids in Israel, highlighting golden jackals as an important host species for\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n circulation in the region.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07576-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:45:26Z","timestamp":1784115926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wild canids as reservoirs of zoonotic Bartonella species in Israel"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Gon\u00e7alves\u2010Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Horesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Antonovskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaarit","family":"Nachum-Biala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roi","family":"Lapid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomer","family":"Nissimyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u2019hammed","family":"Sarih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bourquia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0542-207X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shimon","family":"Harrus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"7576_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00013-17","volume":"30","author":"U Okaro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Okaro U, Addisu A, Casanas B, Anderson B. 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