{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:58:00Z","timestamp":1790711880855,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":53,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07595-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T19:23:21Z","timestamp":1786130601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of a combination of fipronil and permethrin in reducing the risk of Dirofilaria immitis transmission to dogs in field conditions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4798-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Tielemans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Antoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Madder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Sioutas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Beugnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"7595_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2018.05.001","volume":"45","author":"H Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee H, Halverson S, Ezinwa N. Mosquito-Borne Diseases. Prim Care. 2018;45:393\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pop.2018.05.001.","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"7595_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814043-7.00015-7","volume-title":"Medical and veterinary entomology","author":"WA Foster","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foster WA, Walker ED. Medical and veterinary entomology. 2019. p. 261\u2013325."},{"key":"7595_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01328-2","volume":"14","author":"C Hattendorf","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hattendorf C, L\u00fchken R. Vectors, host range, and spatial distribution of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in Europe: a systematic review. Infect Dis Poverty. 2025;14:58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-025-01328-2.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"7595_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021","DOI":"10.21307\/jofnem-2021-012","volume":"19","author":"SM Riahi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Riahi SM, Yusuf MA, Azari-Hamidian S, Solgi R. Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in mosquitoes (Diptera)\u2014systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nematol. 2021;19:e2021\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21307\/jofnem-2021-012.","journal-title":"J Nematol"},{"key":"7595_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2021.03.004","volume":"16","author":"S Noack","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noack S, Harrington J, Carithers DS, Kaminsky R, Selzer PM. Heartworm disease\u2014overview, intervention, and industry perspective. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2021;16:65\u201389.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"7595_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162403","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1162403","volume":"10","author":"E Napoli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Napoli E, Benedetto GD, Ciuca L, Bosco A, Lia RP, Veneziano V, et al. New distribution patterns of Dirofilaria immitis in Italy. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1162403.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"7595_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3543-3","volume":"12","author":"A Angelou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Angelou A, Gelasakis AI, Verde N, Pantchev N, Schaper R, Chandrashekar R, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for selected canine vector-borne diseases in Greece. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3543-3.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7595_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.108995","volume":"280","author":"C Genchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Genchi C, Kramer LH. The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in the Old World. Vet Parasitol. 2020;280:108995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.108995.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7595_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.06.006","volume":"271","author":"E Carret\u00f3n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carret\u00f3n E, Falc\u00f3n-Cord\u00f3n Y, Falc\u00f3n-Cord\u00f3n S, Morch\u00f3n R, Matos JI, Montoya-Alonso JA. Variation of the adulticide protocol for the treatment of canine heartworm infection: can it be shorter? Vet Parasitol. 2019;271:54\u20136.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7595_CR10","unstructured":"Heartworm Guidelines\u2014American Heartworm Society"},{"key":"7595_CR11","unstructured":"Guidelines\u2014ESDA European Society of Dirofilariosis and Angiostrongylosis"},{"key":"7595_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nelson CT, McCall JW, Rubin SB, et al. Executive Board of the American Heartworm Society. 2005 Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs. Vet Parasitol. 2005; 4;133:255\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.07.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.07.008"},{"key":"7595_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2116-6","volume":"10","author":"DS Carithers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carithers DS. Examining the role of macrolides and host immunity in combatting filarial parasites. Parasites Vectors. 2017;10:182.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"7595_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.005","volume":"133","author":"JW McCall","year":"2005","unstructured":"McCall JW. The safety-net story about macrocyclic lactone heartworm preventives: a review, an update, and recommendations. Vet Parasitol. 2005;133:197\u2013206.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7595_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2023.104957","volume":"162","author":"E Mitchell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mitchell E, Tielemans E, McCall JW, Baker C, Martin E, Frost J, et al. Efficacy of an oral combination of moxidectin, afoxolaner, and pyrantel pamoate for the prevention of heartworm disease in dogs. Res Vet Sci. 2023;162:104957.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"7595_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3702-6","volume":"12","author":"K Kryda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kryda K, Six RH, Walsh KF, Holzmer SJ, Chapin S, Mahabir SP, et al. Laboratory and field studies to investigate the efficacy of a novel, orally administered combination product containing moxidectin, sarolaner and pyrantel for the prevention of heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs. Parasites Vectors. 2019;12:445.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"7595_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04767-6","volume":"14","author":"LM Young","year":"2021","unstructured":"Young LM, Wiseman S, Crawley E, Wallace K, Snyder DE. Field study to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a novel orally administered combination drug product containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio\u00ae Plus) for the prevention of heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) in client-owned dogs in the USA. Parasites Vectors. 2021;14:284.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"7595_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.004","volume":"133","author":"VA Hampshire","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hampshire VA. Evaluation of efficacy of heartworm preventive products at the FDA. Vet Parasitol. 2005;133:191\u20135.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7595_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.09.004","volume":"26","author":"TG Geary","year":"2011","unstructured":"Geary TG, Bourguinat C, Prichard RK. Evidence for macrocyclic lactone anthelmintic resistance in Dirofilaria immitis. Top Companion Anim Med. 2011;26:186\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.09.004.","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med"},{"key":"7595_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0494-6","volume":"7","author":"CN Pulaski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pulaski CN, Malone JB, Bourguinat C, Prichard R, Geary T, Ward D, et al. Establishment of macrocyclic lactone resistant Dirofilaria immitis isolates in experimentally infected laboratory dogs. Parasites Vectors. 2014;7:494.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"7595_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.602907","volume":"7","author":"K Mwacalimba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mwacalimba K, Wright A, Giannakakis K, L\u2019Estrange R, Nguyen T-S. Retrospective Analysis of Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) Prevention Medication Compliance and Economic Value in Dogs in Veterinary Practices in Australia. Front Vet Sci. 2021;7:602907.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"7595_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.08.006","volume":"51","author":"RK Prichard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prichard RK. Macrocyclic lactone resistance in Dirofilaria immitis: risks for prevention of heartworm disease. Int J Parasitol. 2021;51:1121\u201332.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"7595_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2024.04.009","volume":"40","author":"D Otranto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Otranto D, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Beugnet F, Baneth G, Dantas-Torres F. New paradigms in the prevention of canine vector-borne diseases. Trends Parasitol. 2024;40:500\u201310.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"7595_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2439-3","volume":"10","author":"JW McCall","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCall JW, Hodgkins E, Varloud M, Mansour A, DiCosty U. Blocking the transmission of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) to mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) by weekly exposure for one month to microfilaremic dogs treated once topically with dinotefuran-permethrin-pyriproxyfen. Parasites Vectors. 2017;10:511.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"7595_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2438-4","volume":"10","author":"JW McCall","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCall JW, Varloud M, Hodgkins E, Mansour A, DiCosty U, McCall S, et al. Shifting the paradigm in Dirofilaria immitis prevention: blocking transmission from mosquitoes to dogs using repellents\/insecticides and macrocyclic lactone prevention as part of a multimodal approach. Parasites Vectors. 2017;10:525.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"7595_CR26","first-page":"48","volume":"7","author":"E Papadopoulos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Papadopoulos E, Angelou A, Diakou A, Halos L, Beugnet F. Five-month serological monitoring to assess the effectiveness of permethrin\/fipronil (Frontline Tri-Act\u00ae) spot-on in reducing the transmission of Leishmania infantum in dogs. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep. 2017;7:48\u201353.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep"},{"key":"7595_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vpoa.2020.100026","volume":"3","author":"E Papadopoulos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Papadopoulos E, Angelou A, Madder M, Lebon W, Beugnet F. Experimental assessment of permethrin-fipronil combination in preventing Leishmania infantum transmission to dogs under natural exposures. Vet Parasitol: X. 2020;3:100026.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol: X"},{"key":"7595_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0691-y","volume":"8","author":"B Fankhauser","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fankhauser B, Dumont P, Hunter JS, McCall JW, Kaufmann C, Mathis A, et al. Repellent and insecticidal efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against three mosquito species (Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens) on dogs. Parasites Vectors. 2015;8:64.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"7595_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-2142-1","volume":"108","author":"D Vezzani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vezzani D, Mesplet M, Eiras DF, Fontanarrosa MF, Schnittger L. PCR detection of Dirofilaria immitis in Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens from urban temperate Argentina. Parasitol Res. 2011;108:985\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7595_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.10.011","volume":"118","author":"G Cancrini","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cancrini G, di Regalbono AF, Ricci I, Tessarin C, Gabrielli S, Pietrobelli M. Aedes albopictus is a natural vector of Dirofilaria immitis in Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2003;118:195\u2013202.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7595_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2957-7","volume":"11","author":"JM Abbate","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abbate JM, Napoli E, Arfuso F, Gaglio G, Giannetto S, Halos L, et al. Six-month field efficacy and safety of the combined treatment of dogs with Frontline Tri-Act\u00ae and NexGard Spectra\u00ae. Parasites Vectors. 2018;11:425.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"7595_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11060255","volume":"11","author":"I Symeonidou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Symeonidou I, Sioutas G, Gelasakis AI, Bitchava D, Kanaki E, Papadopoulos E. Beyond Borders: Dirofilaria immitis Infection in Dogs Spreads to Previously Non-Enzootic Areas in Greece\u2014A Serological Survey. Vet Sci. 2024;11:255.","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"7595_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060769.PMID:37375459;PMCID:PMC10303642","volume":"12","author":"I Symeonidou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Symeonidou I, Sioutas G, Gelasakis AI, Tsokana CN, Papadopoulos E. Leishmaniosis in Greece: The Veterinary Perspective. Pathogens. 2023;12:769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12060769.PMID:37375459;PMCID:PMC10303642.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"7595_CR34","unstructured":"VICH GL9 Good clinical practices - Scientific guideline | European Medicines Agency (EMA)"},{"key":"7595_CR35","first-page":"247","volume":"13","author":"RF Darsie Jr","year":"1997","unstructured":"Darsie RF Jr, Samanidou-Voyadjoglou A. Keys for the identification of the mosquitoes of Greece. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1997;13:247\u201354.","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"7595_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.04.027","volume":"172","author":"G Gioia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gioia G, Lecov\u00e1 L, Genchi M, Ferri E, Genchi C, Mortarino M. Highly sensitive multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection and discrimination of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in canine peripheral blood. Vet Parasitol. 2010;172:160\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.04.027.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7595_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(39)90101-X","volume":"33","author":"J Knott","year":"1939","unstructured":"Knott J. A method for making microfilarial surveys on day blood. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1939;33:191\u20136.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7595_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.05.022","volume":"165","author":"L Solano-Gallego","year":"2009","unstructured":"Solano-Gallego L, Koutinas A, Mir\u00f3 G, Cardoso L, Pennisi MG, Ferrer L, et al. Directions for the diagnosis, clinical staging, treatment and prevention of canine leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol. 2009;165:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.05.022.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7595_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.1999.0270","volume":"13","author":"K Watts","year":"1999","unstructured":"Watts K, Courtney C, Reddy G. Development of a PCR- and probe-based test for the sensitive and specific detection of the dog heartworm,Dirofilaria immitis, in its mosquito intermediate host. Mol Cell Probes. 1999;13:425\u201330.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"7595_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dantas-Torres F, Figueredo LA, Sales KG da S, Luna RLN de, Sousa-Paula LC de, Silva LG da, et al. Prevention of heartworm infection in dogs using a combination of moxidectin, imidacloprid and praziquantel: evidence from a randomized clinical trial. Parasitol Res. 2024;123:94.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-08112-x"},{"key":"7595_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.242563","volume":"55","author":"O Torres-Chable","year":"2018","unstructured":"Torres-Chable O, Baak-Baak C, Cigarroa-Toledo N, Blitvich B, Brito-Argaez L, Alvarado-Kantun Y, et al. Molecular detection of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs and mosquitoes in Tabasco, Mexico. J Vector Borne Dis. 2018;55:151.","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"}],"container-title":["Parasites & Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07595-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07595-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07595-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:54:57Z","timestamp":1790708097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07595-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07595-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9415347\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Animals were managed with due regard for their well-being, and the study designs and procedures were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (133804\/2024). The trial was approved by the Greek Veterinary Authorities (123387\/621 issued on 19 April 2024). The test facility was the Investigator\u2019s property.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have reviewed this document and consent to publish the data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"LA, ET and FB are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim. No other conflicts of interest were declared.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"417"}}