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Bats harbour a remarkable diversity of haemosporidians and are considered important hosts in the evolution of mammalian haemosporidian lineages, yet parasite diversity, host associations, and evolutionary relationships remain poorly understood, particularly in biodiversity-rich Southeast Asia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a nationwide molecular survey of 1180 bats representing 34 species across Cambodia and combined extensive sampling with multilocus phylogenetic and ecological analyses to investigate haemosporidian diversity, host associations, evolutionary relationships, and ecological correlates of infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Haemosporidian infections were detected in 12.9% of the sampled bats and comprised diverse\n                      <jats:italic>Polychromophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Hepatocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                      taxa, including several novel host associations. Notably,\n                      <jats:italic>Hepatocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected in Emballonuridae for the first time and occurred across multiple bat families. We substantially expand sampling of a previously described\n                      <jats:italic>Scotophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      -associated\n                      <jats:italic>Polychromophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      lineage and demonstrate its remarkable genetic conservation across geographic regions. In contrast,\n                      <jats:italic>Hepatocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasites exhibited substantial genetic diversity across multiple host taxa. Multi-gene analyses expanded phylogenetic representation of bat-associated\n                      <jats:italic>Hepatocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and revealed close relationships between some bat- and squirrel-associated lineages. These data further suggest considerable diversity among Asian\n                      <jats:italic>Hepatocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasites and phylogenetic patterns consistent with diversification across Asian host groups. Ecological analyses indicated that the infection varied more among host species and sampling sites than with measured host traits or landscape attributes and revealed pronounced seasonal differences in infection probability together with lower infection rate in more densely populated landscapes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings expand current knowledge of bat haemosporidian diversity, host associations, and evolutionary relationships in Southeast Asia. Novel host associations, including the first record of\n                      <jats:italic>Hepatocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Emballonuridae, highlight previously undocumented parasite diversity in regional bat communities. Infection was structured principally by host species and by conditions at individual roosting sites rather than by broader landscape composition, indicating that fine-scale roost ecology and vector biology are the more promising targets for understanding transmission in bats. Together, these findings contribute to a broader understanding of diversification and host associations in mammalian malaria parasites.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07732-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:04:01Z","timestamp":1791471841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High diversity and novel host associations of bat haemosporidian parasites in Cambodia: insights from a nationwide bat survey and multilocus analyses"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6714-5771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliane","family":"Schaer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oskar","family":"Werb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Ch\u00b4ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolyce Hong Wen","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie Alison","family":"Borthwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Furey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Frias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awatsaya","family":"Pimsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raksmey","family":"Yim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimashalen","family":"Chor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dany","family":"Cheang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin J. 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At the onset of fieldwork, Cambodia did not have a national animal research ethics committee; therefore, all field activities were conducted under direct oversight of the Forestry Administration, whose representatives participated in field investigations. Subsequent field investigations received ethical approval from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the National University of Singapore (NUS-IACUC Biodiversity B16-0159). Voucher specimens collected during fieldwork are deposited in the zoological collection of the Centre for Biodiversity Conservation at the Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia; the Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Natural History Museum, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand; and the Museum of Wildlife and Fish Biology, University of California Davis, USA.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"436"}}