{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T14:59:42Z","timestamp":1792853982735,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genome Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>MECP2<\/jats:italic> Duplication Syndrome, also known as X-linked intellectual developmental disorder Lubs type (MRXSL; MIM: 300260), is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by copy number gains spanning <jats:italic>MECP2<\/jats:italic>. Despite varying genomic rearrangement structures, including duplications and triplications, and a wide range of duplication sizes, no clear correlation exists between DNA rearrangement and clinical features. We had previously demonstrated that up to 38% of MRXSL families are characterized by complex genomic rearrangements (CGRs) of intermediate complexity (2\u2009\u2264\u2009copy number variant breakpoints\u2009&lt;\u20095), yet the impact of these genomic structures on regulation of gene expression and phenotypic manifestations have not been investigated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To study the role of the genomic rearrangement structures on an individual\u2019s clinical phenotypic variability, we employed a comprehensive genomics, transcriptomics, and deep phenotyping analysis approach on 137 individuals affected by MRXSL. Genomic structural information was correlated with transcriptomic and quantitative phenotypic analysis using Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) semantic similarity scores.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Duplication sizes in the cohort ranging from 64.6\u00a0kb to 16.5\u00a0Mb were classified into four categories comprising of tandem duplications (48%), terminal duplications (22%), inverted triplications (20%), and other CGRs (10%). Most of the terminal duplication structures consist of translocations (65%) followed by recombinant chromosomes (23%). Notably, 65% of de novo events occurred in the Terminal duplication group in contrast with 17% observed in Tandem duplications. RNA-seq data from lymphoblastoid cell lines indicated that the <jats:italic>MECP2<\/jats:italic> transcript quantity in <jats:italic>MECP2<\/jats:italic> triplications is statistically different from all duplications, but not between other classes of genomic structures. We also observed a significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) correlation (Pearson <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.6, Spearman <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.63) between the log-transformed <jats:italic>MECP2<\/jats:italic> RNA levels and MECP2 protein levels, demonstrating that genomic aberrations spanning <jats:italic>MECP2<\/jats:italic> lead to altered <jats:italic>MECP2<\/jats:italic> RNA and MECP2 protein levels. Genotype\u2013phenotype analyses indicated a gradual worsening of phenotypic features, including overall survival, developmental levels, microcephaly, epilepsy, and genitourinary\/eye abnormalities in the following order: Tandem duplications, Other complex duplications, Terminal duplications\/Translocations, and Triplications encompassing <jats:italic>MECP2<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In aggregate, this combined analysis uncovers an interplay between <jats:italic>MECP2<\/jats:italic> dosage, genomic rearrangement structure and phenotypic traits. Whereas the level of MECP2 is a key determinant of the phenotype, the DNA rearrangement structure can contribute to clinical severity and disease expression variability. Employing this type of analytical approach will advance our understanding of the impact of genomic rearrangements on genomic disorders and may help guide more targeted therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-024-01411-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T15:18:44Z","timestamp":1734535124000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Structural variant allelic heterogeneity in MECP2 duplication syndrome provides insight into clinical severity and variability of disease expression"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5788-0270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davut","family":"Pehlivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse 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The article has been updated to rectify the error.\"","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study is approved by Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) and Pacific Northwest Research Institute (PNRI). For patients who were evaluated at TCH-BBC Rett Center, clinical information was obtained by retrospective chart review using H-46044 protocol approved by Baylor College of Medicine\u2019s (BCM) Institutional Review Board (IRB). We used BCM IRB approved H-32407 and H-47281\/PNRI WIRB #20202158 protocols to clinically examine patients on a research basis.For genomic studies, participants were consented according to the IRB at BCM approved protocols: H-29697, H-20268, H-18122, and H-26667 or H-47281\/Pacific Northwest Research Institute WIRB #20202158. The research was conducted in compliance with the principles of Helsinki Declaration.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All subjects gave consent for participation into our study and publication of genomic and clinical information.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"BCM and Miraca Holdings have formed a joint venture with shared ownership and governance of BG, which performs clinical microarray analysis (CMA), clinical ES (cES), and clinical biochemical studies. J.R.L. serves on the Scientific Advisory Board of the BG. J.R.L. has stock ownership in 23andMe, is a paid consultant for Genomics International, and is a coinventor on multiple United States and European patents related to molecular diagnostics for inherited neuropathies, eye diseases, genomic disorders and bacterial genomic fingerprinting. D.P. and M.B.R. provide consulting service for Ionis Pharmaceuticals. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"146"}}