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The RNA samples from humans were upper respiratory swab samples collected by the Department for Molecular Biology at AGES during a screening program targeting Austrian residential\/nursing homes for SARS-CoV-2. The other animal samples used in this study were those stored at the Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), Seibersdorf, Austria, that were initially collected as part of routine diagnosis by the Central\/National Veterinary Laboratory of Mauritania, Guinea, Ethiopia, Kuwait, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Vietnam, Kenya, Nepal, Zambia, Mongolia, Namibia, Botswana, and Lesotho, and submitted to APHL for the characterization of other suspected diseases. The MERS-CoV samples were part of a WHO proficiency test panel, stored at Vetmeduni, Vienna. Ethical approval was not required. 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