{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:03:13Z","timestamp":1790287393867,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]],"date-time":"2015-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]],"date-time":"2015-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Takayasu arteritis (TA) and giant cell arteritis (GCA) are large vessel vasculitides (LVV) that usually present as granulomatous inflammation in arterial walls. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that acts as an alarmin when released by dying or activated cells. This study aims to evaluate whether serum HMGB1 can be used as a biomarker in LVV.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Twenty-nine consecutive TA patients with 29 healthy controls (HC) were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. Eighteen consecutive GCA patients with 16 HC were evaluated at the onset of disease and some of them during follow-up. Serum HMGB1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>In GCA patients at disease onset mean serum HMGB1 levels did not differ from HC (5.74\u2009\u00b1\u20094.19 ng\/ml vs. 4.17\u2009\u00b1\u20093.14 ng\/ml; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.230). No differences in HMGB1 levels were found between GCA patients with and without polymyalgia rheumatica (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.167), ischemic manifestations (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.873), systemic manifestations (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.474) or relapsing disease (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.608). During follow-up, no significant fluctuations on serum HMGB1 levels were observed from baseline to 3 months (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200913) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.075), 12 months (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.093) and at the first relapse (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.202). Serum HMGB1 levels did not differ between TA patients and HC [1.19 (0.45\u20132.10) ng\/ml vs. 1.46 (0.89\u20133.34) ng\/ml; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.181] and no difference was found between TA patients with active disease and in remission [1.31 (0.63\u20132.16) ng\/ml vs. 0.75 (0.39\u20132.05) ng\/ml; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.281]. HMGB1 levels were significantly lower in 16 TA patients on statins compared with 13 patients without statins [0.59 (0.29\u20131.46) ng\/ml vs. 1.93 (0.88\u20133.34) ng\/ml; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.019]. Age was independently associated with higher HMGB1 levels regardless of LVV or control status.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Patients with TA and GCA present similar serum HMGB1 levels compared with HC. Serum HMGB1 is not useful to discriminate between active disease and remission. In TA, use of statins was associated with lower HMGB1 levels. HMGB1 is not a biomarker for LVV.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0672-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]],"date-time":"2015-06-11T11:08:14Z","timestamp":1434020894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["High mobility group box 1 levels in large vessel vasculitis are not associated with disease activity but are influenced by age and statins"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alexandre W. S.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kornelis S. M.","family":"van der Geest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Brouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederico A. G.","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Cec\u00edlia Diniz","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Em\u00edlia Inoue","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Eduardo C.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Bijl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Westra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cees G. M.","family":"Kallenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"672_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","volume":"65","author":"JC Jennette","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, Basu N, Cid MC, Ferrario F, et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"672_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200795","volume":"71","author":"PC Grayson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grayson PC, Maksimowicz-McKinnon K, Clark TM, Tomasson G, Cuthbertson D, Carette S, et al. Distribution of arterial lesions in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis and giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:1329\u201334.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"672_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-014-0479-z","volume":"16","author":"E Tombetti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tombetti E, Di Chio M, Sartorelli S, Papa M, Salerno A, Bottazzi B, et al. Systemic pentraxin-3 levels reflect vascular enhancement and progression in Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16:479.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"672_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.01.035","volume":"156","author":"Y Sun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sun Y, Ma L, Yan F, Liu H, Ding Y, Hou J, et al. MMP-9 and IL-6 are potential biomarkers for disease activity in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis. Int J Cardiol. 2012;156:236\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"672_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.1.55","volume":"100","author":"M Noris","year":"1999","unstructured":"Noris M, Daina E, Gamba S, Bonazzola S, Remuzzi G. Interleukin-6 and RANTES in Takayasu arteritis: a guide for therapeutic decisions? Circulation. 1999;100:55\u201360.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"672_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei266","volume":"45","author":"MC Park","year":"2006","unstructured":"Park MC, Lee SW, Park YB, Lee SK. Serum cytokine profiles and their correlations with disease activity in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45:545\u20138.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)."},{"key":"672_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2005.11.101","volume":"112","author":"V Dhawan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dhawan V, Mahajan N, Jain S. Role of C-C chemokines in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis disease. Int J Cardiol. 2006;112:105\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"672_CR8","first-page":"S27","volume":"22","author":"NK Tripathy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tripathy NK, Sinha N, Nityanand S. Interleukin-8 in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis: plasma levels and relationship with disease activity. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004;22:S27\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"key":"672_CR9","first-page":"14","volume":"28","author":"Y Nishino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nishino Y, Tamai M, Kawakami A, Koga T, Makiyama J, Maeda Y, et al. Serum levels of BAFF for assessing the disease activity of Takayasu arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010;28:14\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"key":"672_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/art1.10161","volume":"47","author":"J Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez J, Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez A, Casademont J, Filella X, Esteban MJ, L\u00f3pez-Soto A, et al. A strong initial systemic inflammatory response is associated with higher corticosteroid requirements and longer duration of therapy in patients with giant-cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;47:29\u201335.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"672_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20043","volume":"62","author":"A Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez A, Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez J, Esp\u00edgol-Frigol\u00e9 G, Prieto-Gonz\u00e1lez S, Butjosa M, Segarra M, et al. Clinical relevance of persistently elevated circulating cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6) in the long-term followup of patients with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62:835\u201341.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)."},{"key":"672_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/29.6.456","volume":"29","author":"B Dasgupta","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dasgupta B, Panayi GS. Interleukin-6 in serum of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1990;29:456\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol."},{"key":"672_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38625","volume":"66","author":"KS van der Geest","year":"2014","unstructured":"van der Geest KS, Abdulahad WH, Chalan P, Rutgers A, Horst G, Huitema MG, et al. Disturbed B cell homeostasis in patients with newly-diagnosed giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66:1927\u201338.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"672_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu526","author":"KS van der Geest","year":"2015","unstructured":"van der Geest KS, Abdulahad WH, Rutgers A, Horst G, Bijzet J, Arends S, et al. Serum markers associated with disease activity in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015. doi:10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu526.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"672_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.872903","volume":"121","author":"J Deng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deng J, Younge BR, Olshen RA, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Th17 and Th1 T-cell responses in giant cell arteritis. Circulation. 2010;121:906\u201315.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"672_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34327","volume":"64","author":"B Terrier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Terrier B, Geri G, Chaara W, Allenbach Y, Rosenzwajg M, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, et al. Interleukin-21 modulates Th1 and Th17 responses in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:2001\u201311.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"672_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.222","volume":"8","author":"HE Harris","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harris HE, Andersson U, Pisetsky DS. HMGB1: a multifunctional alarmin driving autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8:195\u2013202.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol."},{"key":"672_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2013.00164","volume":"20","author":"M Magna","year":"2014","unstructured":"Magna M, Pisetsky DS. The role of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Mol Med. 2014;20:138\u201346.","journal-title":"Mol Med."},{"key":"672_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000155991.88802.4D","volume":"33","author":"J Sund\u00e9n-Cullberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sund\u00e9n-Cullberg J, Norrby-Teglund A, Rouhiainen A, Rauvala H, Herman G, Tracey KJ, et al. Persistent elevation of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:564\u201373.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"672_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-1953","volume":"13","author":"JE Ellerman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ellerman JE, Brown CK, de Vera M, Zeh HJ, Billiar T, Rubartelli A, et al. Masquerader: high mobility group box-1 and cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:2836\u201348.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res."},{"key":"672_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000209540.99176.72","volume":"25","author":"RS Goldstein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goldstein RS, Gallowitsch-Puerta M, Yang L, Rosas-Ballina M, Huston JM, Czura CJ, et al. Elevated high-mobility group box 1 levels in patients with cerebral and myocardial ischemia. Shock. 2006;25:571\u20134.","journal-title":"Shock."},{"key":"672_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181997173","volume":"32","author":"ED Peltz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peltz ED, Moore EE, Eckels PC, Damle SS, Tsuruta Y, Johnson JL, et al. HMGB1 is markedly elevated within 6 h of mechanical trauma in humans. Shock. 2009;32:17\u201322.","journal-title":"Shock."},{"key":"672_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R71","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3332","volume":"13","author":"DA Abdulahad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abdulahad DA, Westra J, Bijzet J, Limburg PC, Kallenberg CG, Bijl M. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and anti-HMGB1 antibodies and their relation to disease characteristics in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13:R71.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"672_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/03009740802144143","volume":"37","author":"T Hoshina","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hoshina T, Kusuhara K, Ikeda K, Mizuno Y, Saito M, Hara T. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in Kawasaki disease. Scand J Rheumatol. 2008;37:445\u201359.","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol."},{"key":"672_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.146456","volume":"70","author":"FO Henes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Henes FO, Chen Y, Bley TA, Fabel M, Both M, Herrmann K, et al. Correlation of serum level of high mobility group box 1 with the burden of granulomatous inflammation in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener\u2019s). Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:1926\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"672_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R104","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4284","volume":"15","author":"A de Souza","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Souza A, Westra J, Bijzet J, Limburg PC, Stegeman CA, Bijl M, et al. Is serum HMGB1 a biomarker in ANCA-associated vasculitis? Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15:R104.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"672_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12422","volume":"23","author":"T Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen T, Guo ZP, Wang WJ, Qin S, Cao N, Li MM. Elevated serum HMGB1 levels in patients with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura. Exp Dermatol. 2014;23:419\u201323.","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol."},{"key":"672_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330811","volume":"33","author":"WP Arend","year":"1990","unstructured":"Arend WP, Michel BA, Bloch DA, Hunder GG, Calabrese LH, Edworthy SM, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:1129\u201334.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"672_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330810","volume":"33","author":"GG Hunder","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hunder GG, Bloch DA, Michel BA, Stevens MB, Arend WP, Calabrese LH, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:1122\u20138.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"672_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq039a","volume":"49","author":"B Dasgupta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dasgupta B, Borg FA, Hassan N, Alexander L, Barraclough K, Bourke B, et al. BSR and BHPR Standards: Guidelines and Audit Working Group. BSR and BHPR guidelines for the management of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:1594\u20137.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)."},{"key":"672_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-11-199406010-00004","volume":"120","author":"GS Kerr","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kerr GS, Hallahan CW, Giordano J, Leavitt RY, Fauci AS, Rottem M, et al. Takayasu arteritis. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:919\u201329.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"672_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket128","volume":"52","author":"R Misra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Misra R, Danda D, Rajappa SM, Ghosh A, Gupta R, Mahendranath KM, et al. Development and initial validation of the Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score (ITAS2010). Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52:1795\u2013801.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)."},{"key":"672_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22404","volume":"56","author":"K Maksimowicz-McKinnon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maksimowicz-McKinnon K, Clark TM, Hoffman GS. Limitations of therapy and a guarded prognosis in an American cohort of Takayasu arteritis patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:1000\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"672_CR34","first-page":"S92","volume":"29","author":"DV Miller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miller DV, Maleszewski JJ. The pathology of large-vessel vasculitides. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011;29:S92\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"key":"672_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1594","volume":"5","author":"MT Lotze","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lotze MT, Tracey KJ. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;5:331\u201342.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"672_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.108","volume":"376","author":"Y Enokido","year":"2008","unstructured":"Enokido Y, Yoshitake A, Ito H, Okazawa H. Age-dependent change of HMGB1 and DNA double-strand break accumulation in mouse brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;376:128\u201333.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"672_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.05.024","volume":"58","author":"A Fukami","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fukami A, Adachi H, Yamagishi S, Matsui T, Ueda S, Nakamura K, et al. Factors associated with serum high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels in a general population. Metabolism. 2009;58:1688\u201393.","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"key":"672_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2012.732","volume":"4","author":"D Jin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jin D, Wu Y, Zhao L, Guo J, Zhang K, Chen Z. Atorvastatin reduces serum HMGB1 levels in patients with hyperlipidemia. Exp Ther Med. 2012;4:1124\u20136.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med."},{"key":"672_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96067","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096067","volume":"9","author":"AW Souza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Souza AW, de Leeuw K, van Timmeren MM, Limburg PC, Stegeman CA, Bijl M, et al. Impact of serum high mobility group box 1 and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products on subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis. PLoS One. 2014;9:e96067.","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"672_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2010.00031","volume":"16","author":"H Schierbeck","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schierbeck H, W\u00e4h\u00e4maa H, Andersson U, Harris HE. Immunomodulatory drugs regulate HMGB1 release from activated human monocytes. Mol Med. 2010;16:343\u201351.","journal-title":"Mol Med."},{"key":"672_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01126.x","volume":"162","author":"K Tsoyi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tsoyi K, Jang HJ, Nizamutdinova IT, Kim YM, Lee YS, Kim HJ, et al. Metformin inhibits HMGB1 release in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells and increases survival rate of endotoxaemic mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2011;162:1498\u2013508.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"672_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.121150","volume":"40","author":"J Schmidt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schmidt J, Kermani TA, Muratore F, Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Warrington KJ. Statin use in giant cell arteritis: a retrospective study. J Rheumatol. 2013;40:910\u20135.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"672_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2006.10.001","volume":"36","author":"J Narv\u00e1ez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Narv\u00e1ez J, Bernad B, Nolla JM, Valverde J. Statin therapy does not seem to benefit giant cell arteritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2007;36:322\u20137.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"672_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20541","volume":"51","author":"A Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez A, Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez J, Grau JM, Cid MC. Treatment with statins does not exhibit a clinically relevant corticosteroid-sparing effect in patients with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51:674\u20138.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"672_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-09-0905","volume":"74","author":"AW de Souza","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Souza AW, Machado NP, Pereira VM, Arraes AE, Reis Neto ET, Mariz HA, et al. Antiplatelet therapy for the prevention of arterial ischemic events in Takayasu arteritis. Circ J. 2010;74:1236\u201341.","journal-title":"Circ J."}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-015-0672-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-015-0672-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-015-0672-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-015-0672-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T16:05:21Z","timestamp":1728921921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13075-015-0672-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-015-0672-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"158"}}