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The aim of the present study was to determine whether TFG-\u03b2 alters IL-13 production in T lymphocytes from patients with SSc from that seen in those of healthy donors.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>IL-13 mRNA and protein synthesis under TFG-\u03b2 exposure was measured in circulating T lymphocytes from healthy donors and patients with SSc and also in the Jurkat Th2 T-cell line, using quantitative real-time PCR and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, respectively. The involvement of Smad and GATA-3 transcription factors was assessed by using specific inhibitors and small interfering RNA, and the binding capacity of GATA-3 to the IL-13 gene promoter was evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>TGF-\u03b2 induced a significant decrease in IL-13 mRNA and protein levels in lymphocytes from healthy donors (mean [\u00b1SD] inhibition of 30\u00a0%\u2009\u00b1\u200910\u00a0% and 20\u00a0%\u2009\u00b1\u20097\u00a0%, respectively; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In contrast, TGF-\u03b2 promoted a significant increase in IL-13 mRNA levels and IL-13 synthesis by CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cell subtypes from patients with SSc, with respective increases of 2.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3-fold, 1.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05-fold and 2.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02-fold. The involvement of the Smad signaling pathway and upregulation of GATA-3 binding capacity on the IL-13 promoter in lymphocytes from patients with SSc contributed to the effect of TGF-\u03b2 on IL-13 production.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>These results demonstrate that TGF-\u03b2 upregulates IL-13 synthesis through GATA-3 expression in the T lymphocytes of patients with SSc, confirming that the GATA-3 transcription factor can be regarded as a novel therapeutic target in patients with SSc.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0708-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]],"date-time":"2015-07-27T17:29:34Z","timestamp":1438018174000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 increases interleukin-13 synthesis via GATA-3 transcription factor in T-lymphocytes from patients with systemic sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Baraut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Farge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francette","family":"Jean-Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Masse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena Ivan","family":"Grigore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas C. 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