{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T13:23:44Z","timestamp":1793712224233,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5K12HD043483-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5K12HD043483-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000092","name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-LM010685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-LM010685"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000097","name":"National Center for Research Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 RR024975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 RR024975"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ULTR000445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ULTR000445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1561-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]],"date-time":"2018-04-19T15:20:04Z","timestamp":1524151204000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Phenome-wide association study identifies marked increased in burden of comorbidities in African Americans with systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"April","family":"Barnado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Wheless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua C.","family":"Denny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie J.","family":"Crofford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1561_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.1.57","volume":"27","author":"J Sundquist","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sundquist J, Johansson SE. The influence of socioeconomic status, ethnicity and lifestyle on body mass index in a longitudinal study. Int J Epidemiol. 1998;27:57\u201363.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1561_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328323daad","volume":"21","author":"KL Demas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Demas KL, Costenbader KH. Disparities in lupus care and outcomes. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009;21:102\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"1561_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38239","volume":"66","author":"SS Lim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lim SS, Bayakly AR, Helmick CG, Gordon C, Easley KA, Drenkard C. The incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus, 2002\u20132004: the Georgia Lupus Registry. Arthritis Rheum. 2014;66:357\u201368.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38238","volume":"66","author":"EC Somers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Somers EC, Marder W, Cagnoli P, Lewis EE, DeGuire P, Gordon C, et al. Population-based incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus: the Michigan Lupus Epidemiology and Surveillance program. Arthritis Rheum. 2014;66:369\u201378.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR5","first-page":"371","volume":"51","author":"Centers for Disease C, Prevention","year":"2002","unstructured":"Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Trends in deaths from systemic lupus erythematosus\u2013United States, 1979\u20131998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:371\u20134.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"1561_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.040907","volume":"65","author":"E Krishnan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krishnan E, Hubert HB. Ethnicity and mortality from systemic lupus erythematosus in the US. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:1500\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1561_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-002428","volume":"20","author":"J Pathak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pathak J, Kho AN, Denny JC. Electronic health records-driven phenotyping: challenges, recent advances, and perspectives. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2013;20:e206\u201311.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"1561_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.03.003","volume":"86","author":"MD Ritchie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ritchie MD, Denny JC, Crawford DC, Ramirez AH, Weiner JB, Pulley JM, et al. Robust replication of genotype-phenotype associations across multiple diseases in an electronic medical record. Am J Hum Genet. 2010;86:560\u201372.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"1561_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234cm3","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008604","volume":"6","author":"E Bowton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bowton E, Field JR, Wang S, Schildcrout JS, Van Driest SL, Delaney JT, et al. Biobanks and electronic medical records: enabling cost-effective research. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6:234cm3.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"1561_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq126","volume":"26","author":"JC Denny","year":"2010","unstructured":"Denny JC, Ritchie MD, Basford MA, Pulley JM, Bastarache L, Brown-Gentry K, et al. PheWAS: demonstrating the feasibility of a phenome-wide scan to discover gene-disease associations. Bioinformatics. 2010;26:1205\u201310.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1561_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2749","volume":"31","author":"JC Denny","year":"2013","unstructured":"Denny JC, Bastarache L, Ritchie MD, Carroll RJ, Zink R, Mosley JD, et al. Systematic comparison of phenome-wide association study of electronic medical record data and genome-wide association study data. Nat Biotechnol. 2013;31:1102\u201310.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"1561_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.09.008","volume":"89","author":"JC Denny","year":"2011","unstructured":"Denny JC, Crawford DC, Ritchie MD, Bielinski SJ, Basford MA, Bradford Y, et al. Variants near FOXE1 are associated with hypothyroidism and other thyroid conditions: using electronic medical records for genome- and phenome-wide studies. Am J Hum Genet. 2011;89:529\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"1561_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2013.2","volume":"14","author":"SJ Hebbring","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hebbring SJ, Schrodi SJ, Ye Z, Zhou Z, Page D, Brilliant MH. A PheWAS approach in studying HLA-DRB1*1501. Genes Immun. 2013;14:187\u201391.","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"1561_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37801","volume":"65","author":"KP Liao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liao KP, Kurreeman F, Li G, Duclos G, Murphy S, Guzman R, et al. Associations of autoantibodies, autoimmune risk alleles, and clinical diagnoses from the electronic medical records in rheumatoid arthritis cases and non-rheumatoid arthritis controls. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:571\u201381.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39851","volume":"69","author":"J Doss","year":"2017","unstructured":"Doss J, Mo H, Carroll RJ, Crofford LJ, Denny JC. Phenome-wide association study of rheumatoid arthritis subgroups identifies association between seronegative disease and fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2017;69:291\u2013300.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39974","volume":"69","author":"KP Liao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liao KP, Sparks JA, Hejblum BP, Kuo IH, Cui J, Lahey LJ, et al. Phenome-wide association study of autoantibodies to citrullinated and non-citrullinated epitopes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2017;69:742\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-090314-024956","volume":"17","author":"JC Denny","year":"2016","unstructured":"Denny JC, Bastarache L, Roden DM. Phenome-wide association studies as a tool to advance precision medicine. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2016;17:353\u201373.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet"},{"key":"1561_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2015.36","volume":"17","author":"WS Bush","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bush WS, Oetjens MT, Crawford DC. Unravelling the human genome-phenome relationship using phenome-wide association studies. Nat Rev Genet. 2016;17:129\u201345.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"1561_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2008.89","volume":"84","author":"DM Roden","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roden DM, Pulley JM, Basford MA, Bernard GR, Clayton EW, Balser JR, et al. Development of a large-scale de-identified DNA biobank to enable personalized medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;84:362\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1561_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22989","volume":"69","author":"A Barnado","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barnado A, Casey C, Carroll RJ, Wheless L, Denny JC, Crofford LJ. Developing electronic health record algorithms that accurately identify patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res. 2017;69:687\u201393.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"1561_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2012.66","volume":"92","author":"JS Schildcrout","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schildcrout JS, Denny JC, Bowton E, Gregg W, Pulley JM, Basford MA, et al. Optimizing drug outcomes through pharmacogenetics: a case for preemptive genotyping. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;92:235\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1561_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e3181efe2df","volume":"12","author":"L Dumitrescu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dumitrescu L, Ritchie MD, Brown-Gentry K, Pulley JM, Basford M, Denny JC, et al. Assessing the accuracy of observer-reported ancestry in a biorepository linked to electronic medical records. Genet Med. 2010;12:648\u201350.","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"1561_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu197","volume":"30","author":"RJ Carroll","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carroll RJ, Bastarache L, Denny JC. R PheWAS: data analysis and plotting tools for phenome-wide association studies in the R environment. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:2375\u20136.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1561_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400928","volume":"40","author":"MC Hochberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hochberg MC. Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:1725.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000350","volume":"133","author":"D Mozaffarian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;133:e38\u2013360.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1561_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39070","volume":"67","author":"CH Feldman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Feldman CH, Hiraki LT, Winkelmayer WC, Marty FM, Franklin JM, Kim SC, et al. Serious infections among adult Medicaid beneficiaries with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2015;67:1577\u201385.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23219","volume":"69","author":"LT Hiraki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hiraki LT, Feldman CH, Marty FM, Winkelmayer WC, Guan H, Costenbader KH. Serious infection rates among children with systemic lupus erythematosus enrolled in Medicaid. Arthritis Care Res. 2017;69:1620\u20136.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"1561_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203313502571","volume":"22","author":"LA Gonzalez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gonzalez LA, Toloza SM, McGwin G Jr, Alarcon GS. Ethnicity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): its influence on susceptibility and outcomes. Lupus. 2013;22:1214\u201324.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"1561_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22672","volume":"57","author":"M Fernandez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fernandez M, Alarcon GS, Calvo-Alen J, Andrade R, McGwin G Jr, Vila LM, et al. A multiethnic, multicenter cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as a model for the study of ethnic disparities in SLE. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57:576\u201384.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR30","first-page":"3","volume":"e396","author":"GS Alarcon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alarcon GS, McGwin G Jr, Petri M, Ramsey-Goldman R, Fessler BJ, Vila LM, et al. Time to renal disease and end-stage renal disease in PROFILE: a multiethnic lupus cohort. PLoS Med. 2006;e396:3.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1561_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.131482","volume":"70","author":"PI Burgos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burgos PI, McGwin G Jr, Pons-Estel GJ, Reveille JD, Alarcon GS, Vila LM. US patients of Hispanic and African ancestry develop lupus nephritis early in the disease course: data from LUMINA, a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA LXXIV). Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:393\u20134.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1561_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006090992","volume":"18","author":"SM Korbet","year":"2007","unstructured":"Korbet SM, Schwartz MM, Evans J, Lewis EJ, Collaborative Study G. Severe lupus nephritis: racial differences in presentation and outcome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:244\u201354.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"1561_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30350","volume":"63","author":"LT Hiraki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hiraki LT, Lu B, Alexander SR, Shaykevich T, Alarcon GS, Solomon DH, et al. End-stage renal disease due to lupus nephritis among children in the US, 1995\u20132006. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:1988\u201397.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2802-0","volume":"34","author":"SS Shaharir","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shaharir SS, Mustafar R, Mohd R, Mohd Said MS, Gafor HA. Persistent hypertension in lupus nephritis and the associated risk factors. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34:93\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"1561_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27551","volume":"62","author":"LV Scalzi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scalzi LV, Hollenbeak CS, Wang L. Racial disparities in age at time of cardiovascular events and cardiovascular-related death in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:2767\u201375.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22562","volume":"67","author":"JA Gomez-Puerta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gomez-Puerta JA, Feldman CH, Alarcon GS, Guan H, Winkelmayer WC, Costenbader KH. Racial and ethnic differences in mortality and cardiovascular events among patients with end-stage renal disease due to lupus nephritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2015;67:1453\u201362.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"1561_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110724","volume":"39","author":"JW Maynard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maynard JW, Fang H, Petri M. Low socioeconomic status is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2012;39:777\u201383.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"1561_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90578-Y","volume":"93","author":"M Petri","year":"1992","unstructured":"Petri M, Perez-Gutthann S, Spence D, Hochberg MC. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med. 1992;93:513\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"1561_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20622","volume":"50","author":"SM Toloza","year":"2004","unstructured":"Toloza SM, Uribe AG, McGwin G Jr, Alarcon GS, Fessler BJ, Bastian HM, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA). XXIII. Baseline predictors of vascular events. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:3947\u201357.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2012.12.002","volume":"43","author":"SR Schoenfeld","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schoenfeld SR, Kasturi S, Costenbader KH. The epidemiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among patients with SLE: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2013;43:77\u201395.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24537","volume":"61","author":"AE Hak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hak AE, Karlson EW, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Costenbader KH. Systemic lupus erythematosus and the risk of cardiovascular disease: results from the nurses\u2019 health study. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:1396\u2013402.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199902)42:2<338::AID-ANR17>3.0.CO;2-U","volume":"42","author":"MM Ward","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ward MM. Premature morbidity from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:338\u201346.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20122","volume":"62","author":"MB Urowitz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Urowitz MB, Gladman D, Ibanez D, Bae SC, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Gordon C, et al. Atherosclerotic vascular events in a multinational inception cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62:881\u20137.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"1561_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309105877","volume":"18","author":"PI Burgos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Burgos PI, Vila LM, Reveille JD, Alarcon GS. Peripheral vascular damage in systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA, a large multi-ethnic U.S. cohort (LXIX). Lupus. 2009;18:1303\u20138.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"1561_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.111061","volume":"39","author":"TC Tan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tan TC, Fang H, Magder LS, Petri MA. Differences between male and female systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic population. J Rheumatol. 2012;39:759\u201369.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"1561_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203302lu170oa","volume":"11","author":"DD Gladman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gladman DD, Hussain F, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB. The nature and outcome of infection in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2002;11:234\u20139.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"1561_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780210107","volume":"21","author":"E Ginzler","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ginzler E, Diamond H, Kaplan D, Weiner M, Schlesinger M, Seleznick M. Computer analysis of factors influencing frequency of infection in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1978;21:37\u201344.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203306071919","volume":"15","author":"X Bosch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bosch X, Guilabert A, Pallares L, Cerveral R, Ramos-Casals M, Bove A, et al. Infections in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective and controlled study of 110 patients. Lupus. 2006;15:584\u20139.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"1561_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780350606","volume":"35","author":"C Bombardier","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bombardier C, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Caron D, Chang CH. Derivation of the SLEDAI. A disease activity index for lupus patients. The Committee on Prognosis Studies in SLE. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35:630\u201340.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390303","volume":"39","author":"D Gladman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gladman D, Ginzler E, Goldsmith C, Fortin P, Liang M, Urowitz M, et al. The development and initial validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics\/American College of Rheumatology damage index for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39:363\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1561_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000580","volume":"22","author":"AN Ananthakrishnan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ananthakrishnan AN, Cagan A, Cai T, Gainer VS, Shaw SY, Savova G, et al. Identification of nonresponse to treatment using narrative data in an electronic health record inflammatory bowel disease cohort. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22:151\u20138.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1561_CR52","first-page":"8","volume":"10","author":"KP Liao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liao KP, Ananthakrishnan AN, Kumar V, Xia Z, Cagan A, Gainer VS, et al. Methods to develop an electronic medical record phenotype algorithm to copare the risk of coronary artery disease across 3 chronic disease cohorts. PLoS One. 2015;10:8.","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-018-1561-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-018-1561-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-018-1561-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T13:55:31Z","timestamp":1589550931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13075-018-1561-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-018-1561-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 January 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Vanderbilt University Medical Center. As de-identified data were used, research was classified as non-human subject research, and informed consent was waived.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"69"}}