{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T00:13:56Z","timestamp":1794269636017,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]],"date-time":"2018-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538524800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sull\u2019Artrite"},{"name":"Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC)\/Cariplo Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1718-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]],"date-time":"2018-10-03T06:55:26Z","timestamp":1538549726000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Increase of circulating memory B cells after glucocorticoid-induced remission identifies patients at risk of IgG4-related disease relapse"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Lanzillotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuel","family":"Della-Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrica","family":"Bozzolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Bozzalla-Cassione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Rovati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo Giorgio","family":"Arcidiacono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Partelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Falconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Ciceri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Dagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1718_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12641","volume":"181","author":"E Della-Torre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Della-Torre E, Lanzillotta M, Doglioni C. Immunology of IgG4-related disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 2015;181:191\u2013206.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"1718_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2015.1055796","volume":"45","author":"C Campochiaro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Campochiaro C, Ramirez GA, Bozzolo EP, et al. IgG4-related disease in Italy: clinical features and outcomes of a large cohort of patients. Scand J Rheumatol. 2016;45:135\u201345.","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"1718_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39132","volume":"67","author":"A Khosroshahi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khosroshahi A, Wallace ZS, Crowe JL, et al. International consensus guidance statement on the management and treatment of IgG4-related disease. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:1688\u201399.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"1718_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60720-0","volume":"385","author":"T Kamisawa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kamisawa T, Zen Y, Pillai S, Stone JH. IgG4-related disease. Lancet. 2015;385:1460\u201371.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1718_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.02.007","volume":"15","author":"EL Culver","year":"2017","unstructured":"Culver EL, Sadler R, Bateman AC, et al. Increases in IgE, eosinophils, and mast cells can be used in diagnosis and to predict relapse of IgG4-related disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:1444\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1718_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev438","volume":"55","author":"ZS Wallace","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wallace ZS, Mattoo H, Mahajan VS, et al. Predictors of disease relapse in IgG4-related disease following rituximab. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55:1000\u20138.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"1718_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12320","volume":"69","author":"E Della Torre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Della Torre E, Mattoo H, Mahajan VS, Carruthers M, Pillai S, Stone JH. Prevalence of atopy, eosinophilia, and IgE elevation in IgG4-related disease. Allergy. 2014;69:269\u201372.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"1718_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283413469","volume":"23","author":"RP Sah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sah RP, Chari ST. Serologic issues in IgG4-related systemic disease and autoimmune pancreatitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23:108\u201313.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"1718_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206605","volume":"74","author":"MN Carruthers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carruthers MN, Topazian MD, Khosroshahi A, et al. Rituximab for IgG4-related disease: a prospective, open-label trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1171\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1718_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205233","volume":"74","author":"ZS Wallace","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wallace ZS, Mattoo H, Carruthers M, et al. Plasmablasts as a biomarker for IgG4-related disease, independent of serum IgG4 concentrations. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:190\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1718_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.03.034","volume":"134","author":"H Mattoo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mattoo H, Mahajan VS, Della-Torre E, et al. De novo oligoclonal expansions of circulating plasmablasts in active and relapsing IgG4-related disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134:679\u201387.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"1718_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205799","volume":"74","author":"E Della-Torre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Della-Torre E, Feeney E, Deshpande V, et al. B-cell depletion attenuates serological biomarkers of fibrosis and myofibroblast activation in IgG4-related disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:2236\u201343.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1718_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2012.72","volume":"25","author":"V Deshpande","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deshpande V, Zen Y, Chan JK, et al. Consensus statement on the pathology of IgG4-related disease. Mod Pathol. 2012;25:1181\u201392.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"1718_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-011-0571-z","volume":"22","author":"H Umehara","year":"2012","unstructured":"Umehara H, Okazaki K, Masaki Y, et al. Comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), 2011. Mod Rheumatol. 2012;22:21\u201330.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"1718_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e3182142fd2","volume":"40","author":"T Shimosegawa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shimosegawa T, Chari ST, Frulloni L, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis: guidelines of the International Association of Pancreatology. Pancreas. 2011;40:352\u20138.","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"1718_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259408","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/259408","volume":"2012","author":"MN Carruthers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carruthers MN, Stone JH, Deshpande V, Khosroshahi A. Development of an IgG4-RD responder index. Int J Rheumatol. 2012;2012:259408.","journal-title":"Int J Rheumatol"},{"key":"1718_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1231-2","volume":"19","author":"W Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin W, Zhang P, Chen H, et al. Circulating plasmablasts\/plasma cells: a potential biomarker for IgG4-related disease. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19:25.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"1718_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201657","volume":"71","author":"S Iwata","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iwata S, Saito K, Hirata S, Tanaka Y. Phenotypic changes of lymphocyte in a patient with IgG4-related disease after corticosteroid therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:2058\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1718_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328341a240","volume":"23","author":"A Khosroshahi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khosroshahi A, Stone JH. Treatment approaches to IgG4-related systemic disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23:67\u201371.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"1718_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00302","volume":"3","author":"DA Kaminski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaminski DA, Wei C, Qian Y, Rosenberg AF, Sanz I. Advances in human B cell phenotypic profiling. Front Immunol. 2012;3:302.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1718_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30236","volume":"63","author":"WH Abdulahad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abdulahad WH, Meijer JM, Kroese FG, et al. B cell reconstitution and T helper cell balance after rituximab treatment of active primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:1116\u201323.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1718_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3175","volume":"16","author":"CM Tipton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tipton CM, Fucile CF, Darce J, et al. Diversity, cellular origin and autoreactivity of antibody-secreting cell population expansions in acute systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Immunol. 2015;16:755\u201365.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"1718_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.07.024","volume":"141","author":"JJ Heeringa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heeringa JJ, Karim AF, van Laar JAM, et al. Expansion of blood IgG4+ B, TH2, and regulatory T cells in patients with IgG4-related disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141:1831\u201343.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"298","key":"1718_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.07.009","volume":"15","author":"C Lebrun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lebrun C, Bourg V, Bresch S, Cohen M, Rosenthal-Allieri MA, Desnuelle C. Therapeutic target of memory B cells depletion helps to tailor administration frequency of rituximab in myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol. 2016;15(298):79\u201381.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"1718_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21617","volume":"54","author":"MJ Leandro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leandro MJ, Cambridge G, Ehrenstein MR, Edwards JC. Reconstitution of peripheral blood B cells after depletion with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:613\u201320.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1718_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30466","volume":"63","author":"EM Vital","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vital EM, Dass S, Buch MH, et al. B cell biomarkers of rituximab responses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:3038\u201347.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1718_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39686","volume":"68","author":"H Sekiguchi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sekiguchi H, Horie R, Kanai M, Suzuki R, Yi ES, Ryu JH. IgG4-related disease: retrospective analysis of one hundred sixty-six patients. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:2290\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"1718_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3182433d77","volume":"91","author":"M Ebbo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ebbo M, Daniel L, Pavic M, et al. IgG4-related systemic disease: features and treatment response in a French cohort: results of a multicenter registry. Medicine. 2012;91:49\u201356.","journal-title":"Medicine"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research & Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-018-1718-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-018-1718-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-018-1718-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]],"date-time":"2019-10-02T19:16:19Z","timestamp":1570043779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13075-018-1718-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1718"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-018-1718-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All subjects enrolled provided written informed consent for the analyses performed. The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethics committee of the San Raffaele Scientific Institute as a descriptive noninterventional study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"222"}}