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However, its role in autoimmune diseases is just beginning to be elucidated. Dermatomyositis (DM) is an autoimmune disease, in which T cell dysregulation plays a pivotal role, and importantly, it is a common immune-related adverse event in response to treatment of cancers with immune checkpoint inhibitors, but no studies have implicated the TIGIT\/CD226 axis in DM.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We recruited 30 treatment-na\u00efve DM patients and 26 healthy controls. Flow cytometry analysis was used to investigate the co-expression of TIGIT and CD226 on T cells in blood samples. Magnetic bead or FACS-based cell isolation, T cell proliferation assay, and intracellular cytokine staining were performed to analyze the functions of different TIGIT\/CD226 phenotypes. Recombinant proteins CD155, CD112, and anti-CD226 antibodies were used to suppress the function of TIGIT\/CD226-expressing CD4 T cells.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Four distinct subsets of T cells based on TIGIT\/CD226 co-expression, TIGIT+CD226\u2212, TIGIT+CD226+, TIGIT\u2212CD226+, and TIGIT\u2212CD226\u2212, were identified and characterized in DM patients. Our data showed that the function of CD4 T cell subset varied by the TIGIT\/CD226 phenotype. An elevated TIGIT+CD226+ CD4 subset with enhanced effector function was observed in patients with DM, especially the patients complicated with interstitial lung disease. This subpopulation was closely related to DM activity and decreased significantly in DM remission after treatment. Furthermore, the effector function of TIGIT+CD226+ CD4 subset could be suppressed by blocking CD226.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our data revealed that the TIGIT and CD226 expression profiles could be used to identify functionally distinct subsets of CD4 T cells and TIGIT+CD226+ CD4 T cells is a significant subset in DM with enhanced frequency and effector function. This abnormal subset could be suppressed by blocking CD226, providing insight into the therapeutic target of the TIGIT\/CD226 axis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02397-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T16:03:46Z","timestamp":1610035426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Expansion of circulating peripheral TIGIT+CD226+ CD4 T cells with enhanced effector functions in dermatomyositis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Wenli","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuiwen","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanbo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lida","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guochun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1271-1729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinglin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2397_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.39","volume":"7","author":"M Zong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zong M, Lundberg IE. 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All patients signed informed consent for participation in this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15"}}