{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T19:18:25Z","timestamp":1772824705591,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese National Key Technology R&D Program, Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["2017YFC0907601, 2017YFC0907602, 2016YFC0901500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0907601, 2017YFC0907602, 2016YFC0901500"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2019-I2M-2-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-I2M-2-008"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3332018039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332018039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scarring alopecia in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients caused reduced life quality and prolonged disease course. This case-control study aims to survey the prevalence of scarring alopecia during the disease course of SLE and evaluate the risk factors for scarring alopecia in Chinese SLE patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SLE patients in Chinese SLE treatment and Research group (CSTAR) were recruited. Scarring alopecia was defined according to SLICC\/ACR-DI which was collected during follow-up visits or via self-reported questionnaires. We collected demographic characteristics, common comorbidities, autoantibody profiles, disease activity status, major organ involvements, and treatment strategies of these patients at registry. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the risk factors for scarring alopecia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We recruited 4792 SLE patients, and 374 (7.80%) patients had scarring alopecia. Mucocutaneous lesions (OR 2.062,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.001), high SLICC\/ACR-DI (OR 1.409,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.001), and positive anti-Sm (OR 1.374,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.029) were risk factors for scarring alopecia, while renal (OR 0.714,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.028) and cardio-respiratory involvements (OR 0.347,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.044), and immunosuppressant treatment (OR 0.675,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.001) were significantly negative associated with it.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of scarring alopecia in SLE patients is 7.80%. Active treatment strategies should be adopted to prevent scarring alopecia occurring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02407-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T12:28:36Z","timestamp":1610368116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Chinese SLE Treatment and Research Group Registry\u00a0(CSTAR)\u00a0XIII: prevalence and risk factors for chronic scarring alopecia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5893-8067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yirong","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengtao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinwang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenbiao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanxiao","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junyan","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiuliang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinping","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2407_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071297","volume":"358","author":"A Rahman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rahman A, Isenberg DA. Systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(9):929\u201339.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2407_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-0363-8","volume":"19","author":"S Udompanich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Udompanich S, Chanprapaph K, Suchonwanit P. Hair and scalp changes in cutaneous and systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018;19(5):679\u201394.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2407_CR3","first-page":"1185","volume":"18","author":"AJ Wysenbeek","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wysenbeek AJ, Leibovici L, Amit M, Weinberger A. Alopecia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Relation to disease manifestations. J Rheumatol. 1991;18(8):1185\u20136.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2407_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.01.004","volume":"45","author":"JL Medlin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Medlin JL, Hansen KE, Fitz SR, Bartels CM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of cutaneous manifestations in late- versus early-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016;45(6):691\u20137.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"7","key":"2407_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2007.00309.x","volume":"34","author":"SJ Yun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yun SJ, Lee JW, Yoon HJ, Lee SS, Kim SY, Lee JB, Lee SC, Won YH, Kim SJ. Cross-sectional study of hair loss patterns in 122 Korean systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a frequent finding of non-scarring patch alopecia. J Dermatol. 2007;34(7):451\u20135.","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2407_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34473","volume":"64","author":"M Petri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcon GS, Gordon C, Merrill JT, Fortin PR, Bruce IN, Isenberg D, Wallace DJ, Nived O, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(8):2677\u201386.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2407_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000369407","volume":"47","author":"D Rigopoulos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rigopoulos D, Stamatios G, Ioannides D. Primary scarring alopecias. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2015;47:76\u201386.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2407_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390303","volume":"39","author":"D Gladman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gladman D, Ginzler E, Goldsmith C, Fortin P, Liang M, Urowitz M, Bacon P, Bombardieri S, Hanly J, Hay E, et al. The development and initial validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics\/American College of Rheumatology damage index for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39(3):363\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"2407_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1992.tb00670.x","volume":"126","author":"CL Wilson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wilson CL, Burge SM, Dean D, Dawber RP. Scarring alopecia in discoid lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 1992;126(4):307\u201314.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2407_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-005-2638-9","volume":"15","author":"LB Ferraz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ferraz LB, Almeida FA, Vasconcellos MR, Faccina AS, Ciconelli RM, Ferraz MB. The impact of lupus erythematosus cutaneous on the quality of life: the Brazilian-Portuguese version of DLQI. Qual Life Res. 2006;15(3):565\u201370.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2407_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400928","volume":"40","author":"MC Hochberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hochberg MC. Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(9):1725.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2407_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The American College of Rheumatology nomenclature and case definitions for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42(4):599\u2013608.","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199904)42:4<599::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"issue":"4","key":"2407_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(81)80261-7","volume":"4","author":"JN Gilliam","year":"1981","unstructured":"Gilliam JN, Sontheimer RD. Distinctive cutaneous subsets in the spectrum of lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1981;4(4):471\u20135.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2407_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.12.015","volume":"8","author":"K Al-Refu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Al-Refu K, Goodfield M. Hair follicle stem cells in the pathogenesis of the scarring process in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev. 2009;8(6):474\u20137.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2407_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2018-000291","volume":"5","author":"JSS Concha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Concha JSS, Werth VP. Alopecias in lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med. 2018;5(1):e000291.","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2407_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2012.08.008","volume":"31","author":"S Moghadam-Kia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moghadam-Kia S, Franks AG Jr. Autoimmune disease and hair loss. Dermatol Clin. 2013;31(1):75\u201391.","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"2407_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339200100310","volume":"1","author":"D de Berker","year":"1992","unstructured":"de Berker D, Dissaneyeka M, Burge S. The sequelae of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 1992;1(3):181\u20136.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"1","key":"2407_CR18","first-page":"11","volume":"5","author":"MS Hussain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hussain MS, Tripathi V. Smoking under hypoxic conditions: a potent environmental risk factor for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Mil Med Res. 2018;5(1):11.","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2407_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21966","volume":"65","author":"J Bourre-Tessier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bourre-Tessier J, Peschken CA, Bernatsky S, Joseph L, Clarke AE, Fortin PR, Hitchon C, Mittoo S, Smith CD, Zummer M, et al. Association of smoking with cutaneous manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res. 2013;65(8):1275\u201380.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2407_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2011.342","volume":"148","author":"EW Piette","year":"2012","unstructured":"Piette EW, Foering KP, Chang AY, Okawa J, Ten Have TR, Feng R, Werth VP. Impact of smoking in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148(3):317\u201322.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2407_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930400022715","volume":"38","author":"P Migliorini","year":"2005","unstructured":"Migliorini P, Baldini C, Rocchi V, Bombardieri S. Anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies. Autoimmunity. 2005;38(1):47\u201354.","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"5","key":"2407_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(03)00018-1","volume":"2","author":"GW Zieve","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zieve GW, Khusial PR. The anti-Sm immune response in autoimmunity and cell biology. Autoimmun Rev. 2003;2(5):235\u201340.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"2407_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-015-2941-y","volume":"34","author":"M Arroyo-Avila","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arroyo-Avila M, Santiago-Casas Y, McGwin G Jr, Cantor RS, Petri M, Ramsey-Goldman R, Reveille JD, Kimberly RP, Alarcon GS, Vila LM, et al. Clinical associations of anti-Smith antibodies in PROFILE: a multi-ethnic lupus cohort. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(7):1217\u201323.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2407_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04445-y","volume":"39","author":"SS Ahn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahn SS, Jung SM, Yoo J, Lee SW, Song JJ, Park YB. Anti-Smith antibody is associated with disease activity in patients with new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int. 2019;39(11):1937\u201344.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2407_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181cb449c","volume":"89","author":"X Tang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tang X, Huang Y, Deng W, Tang L, Weng W, Zhang X. Clinical and serologic correlations and autoantibody clusters in systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective review of 917 patients in South China. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010;89(1):62\u20137.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2407_CR26","first-page":"809389","volume":"2014","author":"J Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li J, Leng X, Li Z, Ye Z, Li C, Li X, Zhu P, Wang Z, Zheng Y, Li X, et al. Chinese SLE treatment and research group registry: III association of autoantibodies with clinical manifestations in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol Res. 2014;2014:809389.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2407_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.02.010","volume":"69","author":"JF Merola","year":"2013","unstructured":"Merola JF, Prystowsky SD, Iversen C, Gomez-Puerta JA, Norton T, Tsao P, Massarotti E, Schur P, Bermas B, Costenbader KH. Association of discoid lupus erythematosus with other clinical manifestations among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(1):19\u201324.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2407_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21581","volume":"64","author":"Y Santiago-Casas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Santiago-Casas Y, Vila LM, McGwin G Jr, Cantor RS, Petri M, Ramsey-Goldman R, Reveille JD, Kimberly RP, Alarcon GS, Brown EE. Association of discoid lupus erythematosus with clinical manifestations and damage accrual in a multiethnic lupus cohort. Arthritis Care Res. 2012;64(5):704\u201312.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2407_CR29","first-page":"1413","volume":"10","author":"JF Merola","year":"2011","unstructured":"Merola JF, Chang CA, Sanchez MR, Prystowsky SD. Is chronic cutaneous discoid lupus protective against severe renal disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus? J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(12):1413\u201320.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2407_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215089","volume":"78","author":"A Fanouriakis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Alunno A, Aringer M, Bajema I, Boletis JN, Cervera R, Doria A, Gordon C, Govoni M, et al. 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(6):736\u201345.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2407_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.12.008","volume":"70","author":"SC Palmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palmer SC, Tunnicliffe DJ, Singh-Grewal D, Mavridis D, Tonelli M, Johnson DW, Craig JC, Tong A, Strippoli GFM. Induction and maintenance immunosuppression treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis: a network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;70(3):324\u201336.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-020-02407-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-020-02407-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-020-02407-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T16:04:01Z","timestamp":1610640241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13075-020-02407-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-020-02407-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-54195\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-54195\/v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Informed consent was obtained.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20"}}