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In fact, the majority of RA-ILD patients are asymptomatic and optimal tools for early screening and regular follow-up are lacking. Furthermore, some patients may remain oligosymptomatic despite significant radiological abnormalities. In RA-ILD, usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is the most frequent radiological and pathological pattern, associated with a poor prognosis and a high risk to develop acute exacerbations and infections. If RA-ILD can be identified early, there may be an opportunity for an early treatment and close follow-up that might delay ILD progression and improve the long-term outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In connective tissue disease\u2013associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD), lung ultrasound (LUS) with the assessment of B-lines and serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 antigen (KL-6) has been recognized as sensitive biomarkers for the early detection of ILD. B-line number and serum KL-6 level were found to correlate with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), pulmonary function tests (PFTs), and other clinical parameters in systemic sclerosis\u2013associated ILD (SSc-ILD). Recently, the significant correlation between B-lines and KL-6, two non-ionizing and non-invasive biomarkers, was demonstrated. Hence, the combined use of LUS and KL-6 to screen and follow up ILD in RA patients might be useful in clinical practice in addition to existing tools. Herein, we review relevant literature to support this concept, propose a preliminary screening algorithm, and present 2 cases where the algorithm was used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02586-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]],"date-time":"2021-08-14T00:03:47Z","timestamp":1628899427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["The role of lung ultrasound B-lines and serum KL-6 in the screening and follow-up of rheumatoid arthritis patients for an identification of interstitial lung disease: review of the literature, proposal for a preliminary algorithm, and clinical application to cases"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2468-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghua","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qisheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuezhen","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kedi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangzhou","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Maria","family":"Hoffmann-Vold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Matucci-Cerinic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Furst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2586_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2019.05.003","volume":"40","author":"AJ Esposito","year":"2019","unstructured":"Esposito AJ, Chu SG, Madan R, Doyle TJ, Dellaripa PF. 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