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Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays were used to measure renal expression of complement-related proteins and TGF\u03b21. Cytokines were measured using RT-qPCR and ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We screened the renal pathogenic pathways present in LN patients and NZB\/W mice and selected the complement activation pathway for further study. The results indicated greater renal expression of C1qa, C1qb, C3, C3aR1, and C5aR1 at the mRNA and protein levels. C3 appeared to be a key factor in LN and the renal signaling downstream of C1 was inhibited. There were significant correlations between the expression of TGF\u03b21 and C3. Analysis of primary cell cultures indicated that TGF\u03b21 promoted the expression of C3 and that a TGF\u03b21 antagonist decreased the levels of C3 and C3aR. TGF\u03b21 inhibition significantly inhibited the deposition of complement-related factors in the kidneys of NZB\/W mice.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>At the onset of LN, there are significant increases in the renal levels of C3 and other complement pathway-related factors in patients with LN and NZB\/W mice. C3 may lead to albuminuria and participate in the pathogenesis of LN. TGF\u03b21 promotes C3 synthesis, and TGF\u03b21 inhibition may block the progression of LN by inhibiting the synthesis of C3 and other complement components.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02605-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T07:03:45Z","timestamp":1629875025000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Microarray-based analysis of renal complement components reveals a therapeutic target for lupus nephritis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2364-6504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaosong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2605_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-016-0313-6","volume":"29","author":"G Moroni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moroni G, Raffiotta F, Ponticelli C. 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