{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T09:46:47Z","timestamp":1774950407959,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory multi systematic disease of unknown aetiology. SLE has a wide range of symptoms. The most common symptoms are joint pain, skin rash and fever. Oral lesions in SLE manifest in a variety of forms, such as oral mucosal ulceration, mouth burns, xerostomia and salivary gland diseases, temporomandibular joint disease, periodontal disease, dysgeusia, white lesions, oedema, bleeding and petechiae.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and their related factors in patients with SLE, giving the lack of comprehensive statistical data in Syria and the differences between reported prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was performed in the Al-Mouassat University Hospital in Damascus. Patients were evaluated appropriating observation, clinical examination, completing questionnaires, studying patient\u2019s medical records and paraclinical laboratory tests if required. Four types of oral lesions were evaluated: ulcer, erythema, white plaque and spots. The diagnosis of these lesions was made according to observation and clinical examination, and the location of each lesion was also recorded. Data were analysed using SPSS version 16.0.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, 42 (70% %) out of 60 patients (38 women and 4 men) had oral lesions, while 18 (30%) had none. The most common areas for the lesions were the buccal mucosa (26.1%) and the lips (14.2%). Of the 42 patients with oral lesions, 12 (27.6%) showed ulcers. There was a significant relationship between the following factors and oral lesions: oral hygiene status, the duration of the disease involvement, frequency of pregnancies, the amount of daily use of corticosteroids without significant difference between dosage groups, and medications used for SLE treatment other than corticosteroids (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.008) without mentioned names or dosages. Conversely, age, sex, cigarette smoking and medications other than those used for SLE treatment were not significantly related to the presence of oral lesions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> value was greater than 0.05 in all subjects).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02614-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T08:16:31Z","timestamp":1630656991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and related factors in systemic lupus erythematosus patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mayssoun","family":"Kudsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louei Darjazini","family":"Nahas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rama","family":"Alsawah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Hamsho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2054-5011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2614_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00240110","volume":"5","author":"A Smyth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smyth A, Oliveira GHM, Lahr BD, Bailey KR, Norby SM, Garovic VD. A systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(11):2060\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.00240110.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"21","key":"2614_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9813","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909927107","volume":"107","author":"A Hakkim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hakkim A, F\u00fcrnrohr BG, Amann K, et al. Impairment of neutrophil extracellular trap degradation is associated with lupus nephritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(21):9813\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0909927107.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"2614_CR3","first-page":"23","volume":"73","author":"JB Albilia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Albilia JB, Lam DK, Clokie CM, S\u00e1ndor GK. Systemic lupus erythematosus: a review for dentists. J Can Dent Assoc. 2007;73(8):23\u2013828.","journal-title":"J Can Dent Assoc"},{"key":"2614_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.130476","volume":"69","author":"GK Bertsias","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bertsias GK, Ioannidis JP, Aringer M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus with neuropsychiatric manifestations: report of a task force of the EULAR standing committee for clinical affairs. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:2074\u201382.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2614_CR5","first-page":"823","volume":"73","author":"DK Lam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lam DK, Clokie CM, S\u00e1ndor GK. Systemic lupus erythematosus: a review for dentists. J Can Dent Assoc. 2007;73(9):823\u20138.","journal-title":"J Can Dent Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2614_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-010-1791-9","volume":"32","author":"Z Zakeri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zakeri Z, Shakiba M, Narouie B, Mladkova N, Ghasemi-Rad M, Khosravi A. Prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Iranian experience. Rheumatol Int. 2011;32(5):1179\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-010-1791-9.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"2614_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H, et al. A Study on Clinical and Pathologic Features in Lupus Nephritis with Mainly IgA Deposits and a Literature Review. J Immunol Res. 2013;2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/289316"},{"issue":"9","key":"2614_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2007.00569.x","volume":"36","author":"J L\u00f3pez-Labady","year":"2007","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Labady J, Villarroel-Dorrego M, Gonz\u00e1lez N, P\u00e9rez R, Mata de Henning M. Oral manifestations of systemic and cutaneous lupus erythematosus in a Venezuelan population. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007;36(9):524\u20137.","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2614_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2000.290402.x","volume":"29","author":"U Meyer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meyer U, Kleinheinz J, Handschel J, Kruse-L\u00f6sler B, Weingart D, Joos U. Oral findings in three different groups of immunocompromised patients. J Oral Pathol Med. 2000;29(4):153\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2000.290402.x.","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"2614_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1103","volume":"91","author":"MMS Nico","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nico MMS, Romiti R, Louren\u00e7o SV. Oral lesions in four cases of subacute lupus erythematosus. Acta Derm Venereol. 2011;91:21\u20137.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2614_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2006.00652.x","volume":"34","author":"SV Louren\u00e7o","year":"2007","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o SV, de Carvalho FR, Boggio P, Sotto MN, Vilela MA, Rivitti EA, et al. Lupus erythematosus: clinical and histopathological study of oral manifestations and immunohistochemical profile of the inflammatory infiltrate. J Cutan Pathol. 2007;34(7):5.","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"2614_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o SV, et al. Lupus erythematosus: clinical and histopathological study of oral manifestations and immunohistochemical profile of the inflammatory infiltrate. J Cutan Pathol. 2007;34(7):558-64.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2006.00652.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"2614_CR13","first-page":"501","volume":"75","author":"WC Gonsalves","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gonsalves WC, Chi AC, Neville BW. Common oral lesions: Part I. Superficial mucosal lesions. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75(4):501\u20137.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"4","key":"2614_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S1085-5629(97)80024-7","volume":"16","author":"JP Callen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Callen JP. Oral manifestations of collagen vascular disease. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1997;16(4):323\u20137.","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"2614_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orteu CH, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with oral mucosal lesions: easily missed? Br J Dermatol. 2001;144(6):1219-23.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04236.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"2614_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2009.01368.x","volume":"37","author":"JD Fernandes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fernandes JD, Nico MM, Aoki V, Bologna S, Romiti R, Levy-Neto M, et al. Xerostomia in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and lupus erythematosus: a comparative histological and immunofluorescence study of minor salivary glands alterations. J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37(4):432\u20138.","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"2614_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.60.12.1103","volume":"60","author":"M Gilboea","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gilboea M, Kviena TK, Uhliga T, Husbyb G. Sicca symptoms and secondary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with rheumatoid arthritis and correlation with disease variables. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001;60:1103\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2614_CR18","first-page":"4","volume":"12","author":"N Scheinfeld","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scheinfeld N. Sj\u00f6gren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus are distinct conditions. Dermatol J. 2012;12(1):4 12-17.","journal-title":"Dermatol J"},{"issue":"9","key":"2614_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2.9.1415","volume":"2","author":"AM Pedersen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pedersen AM, Nauntofte B. Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: oral aspects on pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, clinical features and approaches for therapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2001;2(9):1415\u201336.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"6","key":"2614_CR20","first-page":"461","volume":"21","author":"LN Rhodus","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rhodus LN, Johnson DK. The prevalence of oral manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Quitessence Int. 1990;21(6):461\u20135.","journal-title":"Quitessence Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2614_CR21","first-page":"2","volume":"27","author":"RL Holve","year":"2014","unstructured":"Holve RL, Barkan H. Oral Steroids. JABFM. 2014;27(3):2\u20134.","journal-title":"JABFM"},{"key":"2614_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2010.04.003","volume":"43","author":"DM Poetker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Poetker DM, Reh DD. A comprehensive review of the adverse effects of systemic corticosteroids. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2010;43:753\u201376.","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin N Am"},{"key":"2614_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyllested M, et al. Comparative effect of paracetamol, NSAIDs or their combination in postoperative pain management: a qualitative review. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88(2):199-214.","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/88.2.199"},{"key":"2614_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1191\/096120300680198935","volume":"9","author":"D Hallegua","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hallegua D, Wallace DJ, Metzger AL, et al. Cyclosporine for lupus membranous nephritis: experience with ten patients and review of the literature. Lupus. 2000;9:241.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2614_CR25","unstructured":"Mejia LM, Lozada-Nur F. Drug induced gingival hyperplasia. E medicins. Medscope. com. 2009."},{"key":"2614_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/030097499442531","volume":"28","author":"IM Gilboe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gilboe IM, Husby G. Application of the 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus on a cohort of 346 Norwegian patients with connective tissue disease. Scand J Rheumatol. 1999;28:81\u20137.","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2614_CR27","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Bates\u2019 guide to physical examination and history taking","author":"LS Bickley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bickley LS, Szilagyi PG. Bates\u2019 guide to physical examination and history taking. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009. p. 5."},{"key":"2614_CR28","first-page":"175","volume":"28","author":"H Poorjajarm","year":"2004","unstructured":"Poorjajarm H, Aledavood A. Effective risk factors in prevalence of head and neck radiotherapy and chemotherapy induced mucositis. J Mashhad Dental School. 2004;28:175.","journal-title":"J Mashhad Dental School"},{"key":"2614_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0416-7.00030-5","volume-title":"Carranza\u2019s clinical periodontology","author":"HH Takei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Takei HH, Carranza FA. Clinical diagnosis. In: Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevol PR, Carranza FA, editors. Carranza\u2019s clinical periodontology. Missouri: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p. 340\u201358."},{"key":"2614_CR30","first-page":"1175","volume-title":"Dubois\u2019 lupus erythematosus","author":"AK Kirou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kirou AK, Boumpas DT. Systemic glucocorticoid therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, editors. Dubois\u2019 lupus erythematosus. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2007. p. 1175\u201397."},{"key":"2614_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s005990070017","volume":"30","author":"F Dammacco","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dammacco F, Della Casa Alberighi O, Ferraccioli G, Racanelli V, Casatta L, Bartoli E. Cyclosporine-A plus steroids versus steroids alone in the 12-month treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Clin Lab Res. 2000;30:67\u201373.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Lab Res"},{"key":"2614_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(97)90029-9","volume":"29","author":"VK Bansal","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bansal VK, Beto JA. Treatment of lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;29:193\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2614_CR33","first-page":"373","volume":"27","author":"DD Gladman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gladman DD, Goldsmith CH, Urowitz MB, Bacon P, Fortin P, Ginzler E, et al. The Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics\/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC\/ACR) damage index for systemic lupus erythematosus international comparison. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:373\u20136.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2614_CR34","first-page":"680","volume":"27","author":"C Rivest","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rivest C, Lew RA, Welsing PM, Sangha O, Wright EA, Roberts WN, et al. Association between clinical factors, socioeconomic status, and organ damage in recent onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:680\u20134.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2614_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780210110","volume":"21","author":"JD Urman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Urman JD, Lowenstein MB, Abeles M, Weinstein A. Oral mucosal ulceration in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1978;21:58\u201361.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2614_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1998.0207","volume":"129","author":"SS De Rossi","year":"1998","unstructured":"De Rossi SS, Glick M. Lupus erythematosus: considerations for dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. 1998;129:330\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"2614_CR37","first-page":"38","volume":"11","author":"R Jonsson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jonsson R, Heyden G, Westberg NG, Nyberg G. Oral mucosal lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus\u2013a clinical, histopathological and immunopathological study. J Rheumatol. 1984;11:38\u201342.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2614_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khatibi M, et al. The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and related factors in 188 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2012;21(12):1312-5.","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203312454589"},{"key":"2614_CR39","unstructured":"Sahebjamee M, Hajabdollahi SH. Prevalence of systemic and oral manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus patients in Tehran- Imam Khomeini Hospital in 1994-95. MSc Thesis, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dental School, Tehran, Iran, 1994\u20131995."},{"key":"2614_CR40","first-page":"5","volume":"9","author":"S Caiola","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caiola S. Sacramento study finds oral hygiene to be a factor in hospital pneumonia cases. Health Med. 2014;9:5\u20139.","journal-title":"Health Med"},{"key":"2614_CR41","unstructured":"David B, Samadi P. Dental hygiene important for whole body, not just your smile. Medicine. 2012:12\u20136."},{"key":"2614_CR42","first-page":"42","volume-title":"Burket\u2019s oral medicine","author":"MS Greenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Greenberg MS, Glick M, Ship JA. Burket\u2019s oral medicine. Hamilton: BC Decker Inc.; 2008. p. 42\u201398."},{"key":"2614_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2004.07.006","volume":"49","author":"MT Brennan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brennan MT, Valerin MA, Nape\u00f1as JJ, Lockhart PB. Oral manifestations of patients with lupus erythematosus. Dent Clin N Am. 2005;49:127\u201341.","journal-title":"Dent Clin N Am"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02614-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02614-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02614-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T08:19:59Z","timestamp":1630657199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02614-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02614-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All patients were fully informed about the study and its aim, and their consent was taken without any financial compensation.Ethical approval was also taken from the faculty of medicine at Syrian Private University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"229"}}