{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:48:22Z","timestamp":1790750902930,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study aimed to identify new characteristics of elderly onset large-vessel vasculitis (EOLVV) by focusing on human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genotype, polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), and affected vascular lesions observed on positron emission tomography\/computed tomography (PET\/CT) imaging.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We retrospectively studied 65 consecutive Japanese patients with large-vessel vasculitis (LVV) who had extracranial vasculitis lesions and underwent PET\/CT imaging. PET\/CT images were assessed using the semi-quantitative PET visual score of each affected vessel, and the PET vascular activity score (PETVAS) and number of affected vessels were calculated. Subjects were subsequently grouped based on age at onset, superficial temporal artery (STA) involvement, and presence of PMR and compared each group according to HLA genotype. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify the patients with similar characteristics in terms of affected vascular lesions detected through PET\/CT imaging. The clinical characteristics and PET\/CT findings of the population newly identified in this study were examined.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Twenty-seven patients with EOLVV did not meet the American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis and were considered as unclassified EOLVV (UEOLVV). The unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that UEOLVV with PMR and large-vessel GCA (LV-GCA) formed a cluster of LVV with GCA features (i.e., PMR and\/or STA involvement) when restricted to patients who were HLA-B52-positive. Patients who were HLA-B52-positive with LVV and GCA features had similar clinical characteristics and patterns of affected vessels and presented with diffuse LVV lesions. HLA-B52-positive patients who had LVV with GCA features also presented with higher PETVAS, more affected vessels, and lower rates of biologics usage and relapse compared to HLA-B52-positive patients with TAK.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Patients who had UEOLVV with PMR had similar characteristics to patients with LV-GCA. Patients who were HLA-B52-positive and had LVV with GCA features presented with diffuse vascular lesions and may comprise a core population of Japanese patients with EOLVV. The findings of HLA-B52 positivity and diffusely affected vessels in patients with EOLVV can be considered as suspicious findings of LV-GCA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02618-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T08:03:02Z","timestamp":1631520182000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["HLA-B52 allele in giant cell arteritis may indicate diffuse large-vessel vasculitis formation: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Kushimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2954-9676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Ayano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasutaka","family":"Kimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Mitoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yojiro","family":"Arinobu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Akashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiko","family":"Horiuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Niiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2618_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","volume":"65","author":"JC Jennette","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, Basu N, Cid MC, Ferrario F, et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2618_CR2","first-page":"182","volume":"74","author":"KD Lensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lensen KD, Voskuyl AE, Comans EF, van der Laken CJ, Smulders YM. Extracranial giant cell arteritis: A narrative review. Neth J Med. 2016;74:182\u201392.","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"2618_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330811","volume":"33","author":"WP Arend","year":"1990","unstructured":"Arend WP, Michel BA, Bloch DA, Hunder GG, Calabrese LH, Edworthy SM, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:1129\u201334.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2618_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012547","volume":"132","author":"Y Watanabe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Watanabe Y, Miyata T, Tanemoto K. Current clinical features of new patients with Takayasu arteritis observed from cross-country research in Japan: age and sex specificity. Circulation. 2015;132:1701\u20139.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2618_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13288","volume":"22","author":"TA Kermani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kermani TA. Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis: are they a spectrum of the same disease? Int J Rheum Dis. 2019;22(Suppl 1):41\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2618_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15979","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34395-7","volume":"8","author":"E Tombetti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tombetti E, Godi C, Ambrosi A, Doyle F, Jacobs A, Kiprianos AP, et al. Novel angiographic scores for evaluation of large vessel vasculitis. Sci Rep. 2018;8:15979.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2618_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330810","volume":"33","author":"GG Hunder","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hunder GG, Bloch DA, Michel BA, Stevens MB, Arend WP, Calabrese LH, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:1122\u20138.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2618_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu329","volume":"54","author":"F Muratore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muratore F, Kermani TA, Crowson CS, Green AB, Salvarani C, Matteson EL, et al. Large-vessel giant cell arteritis: a cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54:463\u201370.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2618_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2015.87","volume":"61","author":"C Terao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Terao C. Revisited HLA and non-HLA genetics of Takayasu arteritis--where are we? J Hum Genet. 2016;61:27\u201332.","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2618_CR10","first-page":"2148","volume":"29","author":"S Jacobsen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jacobsen S, Baslund B, Madsen HO, Tvede N, Svejgaard A, Garred P. Mannose-binding lectin variant alleles and HLA-DR4 alleles are associated with giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:2148\u201353.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"2618_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(96)88774-2","volume":"54","author":"A Kimura","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kimura A, Kitamura H, Date Y, Numano F. Comprehensive analysis of HLA genes in Takayasu arteritis in Japan. Int J Cardiol. 1996;54(Suppl):S61\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"2618_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0692-4","volume":"17","author":"SL Mackie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mackie SL, Taylor JC, Haroon-Rashid L, Martin S, Dasgupta B, Gough A, et al. Association of HLA-DRB1 amino acid residues with giant cell arteritis: genetic association study, meta-analysis and geo-epidemiological investigation. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:195.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"2618_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R27","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3730","volume":"14","author":"Z Sahin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sahin Z, B\u0131cakc\u0131gil M, Aksu K, Kamali S, Akar S, Onen F, et al. Takayasu\u2019s arteritis is associated with HLA-B* 52, but not with HLA-B* 51, in Turkey. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14:R27.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"2618_CR14","first-page":"506","volume":"56","author":"C Dejaco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dejaco C, Duftner C, Buttgereit F, Matteson EL, Dasgupta B. The spectrum of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: revisiting the concept of the disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56:506\u201315.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2618_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2003.09.008","volume":"33","author":"F Cantini","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cantini F, Niccoli L, Storri L, Nannini C, Olivieri I, Padula A, et al. Are polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis the same disease? Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2004;33:294\u2013301.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2618_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-019-1122-z","volume":"21","author":"M Pelletier-Galarneau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pelletier-Galarneau M, Ruddy TD. PET\/CT for diagnosis and management of large-vessel vasculitis. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019;21:34.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"2618_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-004-1757-9","volume":"32","author":"MA Walter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walter MA, Melzer RA, Schindler C, M\u00fcller-Brand J, Tyndall A, Nitzsche EU. The value of [18F]FDG-PET in the diagnosis of large-vessel vasculitis and the assessment of activity and extent of disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:674\u201381.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2618_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204572","volume":"73","author":"S Prieto-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Prieto-Gonz\u00e1lez S, Depetris M, Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez A, Esp\u00edgol-Frigol\u00e9 G, Tavera-Bahillo I, Corbera-Bellata M, et al. Positron emission tomography assessment of large vessel inflammation in patients with newly diagnosed, biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis: a prospective, case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:1388\u201392.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2618_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24055","volume":"72","author":"KB Gribbons","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gribbons KB, Ponte C, Carette S, Craven A, Cuthbertson D, Hoffman GS, et al. Patterns of arterial disease in Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2020;72:1615\u201324.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2618_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem322","volume":"47","author":"WA Schmidt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmidt WA, Seifert A, Gromnica-Ihle E, Krause A, Natusch A. Ultrasound of proximal upper extremity arteries to increase the diagnostic yield in large-vessel giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47:96\u2013101.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2618_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.38.5.434","volume":"38","author":"HA Bird","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bird HA, Esselinckx W, Dixon AS, Mowat AG, Wood PH. An evaluation of criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis. 1979;38:434\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2618_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-11-199406010-00004","volume":"120","author":"GS Kerr","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kerr GS, Hallahan CW, Giordano J, Leavitt RY, Fauci AS, Rottem M, et al. Takayasu arteritis. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:919\u201329.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2618_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912562","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/912562","volume":"2013","author":"SH Unizony","year":"2013","unstructured":"Unizony SH, Dasgupta B, Fisheleva E, Rowell L, Schett G, Spiera R, et al. Design of the tocilizumab in giant cell arteritis trial. Int J Rheumatol. 2013;2013:912562.","journal-title":"Int J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2618_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-003-1144-y","volume":"30","author":"J Meller","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meller J, Strutz F, Siefker U, Scheel A, Sahlmann CO, Lehmann K, et al. Early diagnosis and follow-up of aortitis with [(18)F]FDG PET and MRI. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:730\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2618_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-04871-2","volume":"47","author":"F Kang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang F, Han Q, Zhou X, Zheng Z, Wang S, Ma W, et al. Performance of the PET vascular activity score (PETVAS) for qualitative and quantitative assessment of inflammatory activity in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;47:3107\u201317.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2618_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40379","volume":"70","author":"PC Grayson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grayson PC, Alehashemi S, Bagheri AA, Civelek AC, Cupps TR, Kaplan MJ, et al. 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography as an imaging biomarker in a prospective, longitudinal cohort of patients with large vessel vasculitis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018;70:439\u201349.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2618_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30117-5","volume":"393","author":"SP Power","year":"2019","unstructured":"Power SP, O'Mahony D. Diffuse large vessel giant cell arteritis found by 18Fluorodeoxyglucose PET\/CT imaging. Lancet. 2019;393:349.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2618_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1053\/ejvs.2002.1912","volume":"26","author":"T Sugimoto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sugimoto T, Sada M, Miyamoto T, Yao H. Genetic analysis on HLA loci in Japanese patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003;26:215\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg."},{"key":"2618_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.147","volume":"11","author":"D McGonagle","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGonagle D, Aydin SZ, G\u00fcl A, Mahr A, Direskeneli H. \u2018MHC-I-opathy\u2019-unified concept for spondyloarthritis and Beh\u00e7et disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11:731\u201340.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol."},{"key":"2618_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2016.07.009","volume":"69","author":"H Ohigashi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ohigashi H, Tamura N, Ebana Y, Harigai M, Maejima Y, Ashikaga T, et al. Effects of immunosuppressive and biological agents on refractory Takayasu arteritis patients unresponsive to glucocorticoid treatment. J Cardiol. 2017;69:774\u20138.","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"2618_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21699","volume":"55","author":"D Blockmans","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blockmans D, de Ceuninck L, Vanderschueren S, Knockaert D, Mortelmans L, Bobbaers H. Repetitive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in giant cell arteritis: a prospective study of 35 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;55:131\u20137.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2618_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31825-1","volume":"390","author":"MA Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay MA, Matteson EL, Casta\u00f1eda S. Polymyalgia rheumatica. Lancet. 2017;390:1700\u201312.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02618-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02618-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02618-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T08:06:12Z","timestamp":1631520372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02618-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02618-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the ethics committee of Kyushu University Hospital (approval number 2020-101) in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. Because this was retrospective research, we disclosed the study information at the site of the related facilities. Obtaining patient consent was not required according to the committee\u2019s procedures.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"238"}}