{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:08:53Z","timestamp":1791187733984,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81871283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871283"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013058","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["H2019060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2019060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013047","name":"Cultivating Plan Program for the Leader in Science and Technology of Yunnan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-WSN-148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-WSN-148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013059","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Medical Youth Talent","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QNRC2016005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QNRC2016005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013059","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with autoimmune diseases often present with olfactory impairment. The aim of the study was to assess the olfactory functions of patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and to correlate these findings with their disease activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-two patients with primary SS and 52 sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects were included. All of them underwent clinical and laboratory examination. Olfactory functions were evaluated using olfactory function assessment by computerized testing including the three stages of smell: threshold, identification, and memory of the different odors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All the olfactory scores (olfactory threshold, identification, and memory) in patients with pSS were significantly decreased than the control group (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). Patients had higher proportion of anosmia (13.5% vs 0%) and hyposmia (19.2% vs 11.5%) than controls (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 10.526,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). Multivariable regression analysis revealed that ESSDAI and the symptoms of dryness, fatigue, and limb pain had negative influence on olfactory function (adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.381, 0.387, 0.513, and 0.614, respectively). ESSPRI showed significantly negative association with olfactory threshold, identification, memory, and total scores. Olfactory identification and memory scores were decreased in pSS patients with thyroid dysfunction or hypocomplementemia (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Smell threshold scores were decreased in pSS patients with anti-SSA antibody or anti-nuclear antibody compared with those without those autoantibodies (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate that olfactory functions are impaired in pSS patients. There was a close correlation between olfactory dysfunction and disease severity and immunological abnormalities. Immune and systemic inflammation dysregulation might play a role in the mechanism of this defect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02624-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T03:04:39Z","timestamp":1632884679000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Olfactory impairment in patients with primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome and its correlation with organ involvement and immunological abnormalities"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linyu","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baojie","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0125-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huayong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5536-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2624_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66990-5","volume":"366","author":"RI Fox","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fox RI. Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Lancet (London, England). 2005;366:321\u201331.","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"12","key":"2624_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev200","volume":"54","author":"M Ramos-Casals","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zer\u00f3n P, Seror R, Bootsma H, Bowman SJ, D\u00f6rner T, et al. Characterization of systemic disease in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: EULAR-SS Task Force recommendations for articular, cutaneous, pulmonary and renal involvements. Rheumatology. 2015;54(12):2230\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev200.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2624_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24491","volume":"60","author":"N Shoenfeld","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shoenfeld N, Agmon-Levin N, Flitman-Katzevman I, Paran D, Katz BSP, Kivity S, et al. The sense of smell in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(5):1484\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.24491.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"2624_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2010.517547","volume":"40","author":"S Steinbach","year":"2011","unstructured":"Steinbach S, Proft F, Schulze-Koops H, Hundt W, Heinrich P, Schulz S, et al. Gustatory and olfactory function in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2011;40(3):169\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/03009742.2010.517547.","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2624_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.02.002","volume":"17","author":"MF Bombini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bombini MF, Peres FA, Lapa AT, Sinicato NA, Quental BR. Pincelli \u00c1 de SM, et al. Olfactory function in systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. A longitudinal study and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17(4):405\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.02.002.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2624_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-76-3-375","volume":"76","author":"RI Henkin","year":"1972","unstructured":"Henkin RI, Talal N, Larson AL, Mattern CF. Abnormalities of taste and smell in Sjogren\u2019s syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1972;76(3):375\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-76-3-375.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2624_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep249","volume":"48","author":"UF Kamel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kamel UF, Maddison P, Whitaker R. Impact of primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome on smell and taste: effect on quality of life. Rheumatology. 2009;48(12):1512\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep249.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2624_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12358","volume":"125","author":"S Rusthen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rusthen S, Young A, Herlofson BB, Aqrawi LA, Rykke M, Hove LH, et al. Oral disorders, saliva secretion, and oral health-related quality of life in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Eur J Oral Sci. 2017;125(4):265\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eos.12358.","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2624_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020264","volume":"11","author":"PB Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh PB, Young A, Homayouni A, Hove LH, Petrovski B\u00c9, Herlofson BB, et al. Distorted taste and impaired oral health in patients with sicca complaints. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11020264.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"2624_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino13.001","volume":"51","author":"R Midilli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Midilli R, Gode S, Oder G, Kabasakal Y, Karci B. Nasal and paranasal involvement in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Rhinology. 2013;51(3):265\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4193\/Rhino13.001.","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"2624_CR11","first-page":"142","volume":"61","author":"N Rasmussen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rasmussen N, Brofeldt S, Manthorpe R. Smell and nasal findings in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1986;61:142\u20135.","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol Suppl"},{"issue":"6","key":"2624_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.6.554","volume":"61","author":"C Vitali","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Jonsson R, Moutsopoulos HM, Alexander EL, Carsons SE, et al. Classification criteria for Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: a revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(6):554\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.61.6.554.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2624_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.110619","volume":"69","author":"R Seror","year":"2010","unstructured":"Seror R, Ravaud P, Bowman SJ, Baron G, Tzioufas A, Theander E, et al. EULAR Sjogren\u2019s syndrome disease activity index: development of a consensus systemic disease activity index for primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(6):1103\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.2009.110619.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2624_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.143743","volume":"70","author":"R Seror","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seror R, Ravaud P, Mariette X, Bootsma H, Theander E, Hansen A, et al. EULAR Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI): development of a consensus patient index for primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(6):968\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.2010.143743.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"2624_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1080\/13803391003683070","volume":"32","author":"M Hedner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hedner M, Larsson M, Arnold N, Zucco GM, Hummel T. Cognitive factors in odor detection, odor discrimination, and odor identification tasks. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010;32(10):1062\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803391003683070.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2624_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-1274","volume":"67","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Zhang B, Wang X, Zhang X, Yang QX, Qing Z, et al. Altered odor-induced brain activity as an early manifestation of cognitive decline in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2018;67(5):994\u20131006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db17-1274.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"2624_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3208-y","volume":"272","author":"N Su","year":"2015","unstructured":"Su N, Poon R, Grushka M. Does Sjogren\u2019s syndrome affect odor identification abilities? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;272(3):773\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-014-3208-y.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2624_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29022","volume":"131","author":"E Eren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eren E, Balc\u0131 K, Ger\u00e7ik \u00d6, Kabaday\u0131 G, Akar S. Does nasal secretion decrease in Sj\u00f6gren syndrome and does this affect nasal function? Laryngoscope. 2021;131(2):370\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.29022.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"key":"2624_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02096","volume":"10","author":"MR Hillen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hillen MR, Pandit A, Blokland SLM, Hartgring SAY, Bekker CPJ, van der Heijden EHM, et al. Plasmacytoid DCs from patients with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome are transcriptionally primed for enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02096.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2624_CR20","first-page":"129","volume":"35","author":"C Nicaise","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nicaise C, Weichselbaum L, Schandene L, Gangji V, Dehavay F, Bouchat J, et al. Phagocyte-specific S100A8\/A9 is upregulated in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and triggers the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35(1):129\u201336.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2624_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2013.03.015","volume":"76","author":"M Kobayashi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kobayashi M, Tamari K, Miyamura T, Takeuchi K. Blockade of interleukin-6 receptor suppresses inflammatory reaction and facilitates functional recovery following olfactory system injury. Neurosci Res. 2013;76(3):125\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neures.2013.03.015.","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2624_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21226","volume":"3","author":"T Pozharskaya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pozharskaya T, Lane AP. Interferon gamma causes olfactory dysfunction without concomitant neuroepithelial damage. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013;3(11):861\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alr.21226.","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2624_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13401","volume":"49","author":"D-K Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim D-K, Choi SA, Eun KM, Kim S-K, Kim DW, Phi JH. Tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-5 inhibit olfactory regeneration via apoptosis of olfactory sphere cells in mice models of allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2019;49(8):1139\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cea.13401.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2624_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.09.001","volume":"14","author":"M Postal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Postal M, Appenzeller S. The importance of cytokines and autoantibodies in depression. Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14(1):30\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.09.001.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2624_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3128231","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3128231","volume":"2019","author":"A Laudisio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laudisio A, Navarini L, Margiotta DPE, Fontana DO, Chiarella I, Spitaleri D, et al. The association of olfactory dysfunction, frailty, and mortality is mediated by inflammation: results from the InCHIANTI Study. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:3128231\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/3128231.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2624_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(87)90022-8","volume":"433","author":"MD Beard","year":"1987","unstructured":"Beard MD, Mackay-Sim A. Loss of sense of smell in adult, hypothyroid mice. Brain Res. 1987;433(2):181\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-3806(87)90022-8.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2624_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.03.008","volume":"91","author":"H Tong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tong H, Chen GH, Liu RY, Zhou JN. Age-related learning and memory impairments in adult-onset hypothyroidism in Kunming mice. Physiol Behav. 2007;91:290\u20138.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2624_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21565","volume":"5","author":"E G\u00fcnbey","year":"2015","unstructured":"G\u00fcnbey E, Karl\u0131 R, G\u00f6kosmano\u011flu F, D\u00fczg\u00fcn B, Ayhan E, Atmaca H, et al. Evaluation of olfactory function in adults with primary hypothyroidism. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015;5:919\u201322.","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"2624_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-108446","volume":"124","author":"F Deniz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deniz F, Ay SA, Salihoglu M, Kurt O, Baskoy K, Altundag A, et al. Thyroid hormone replacement therapy improves olfaction and taste sensitivity in primary hypothyroid patients: a prospective randomised clinical trial. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2016;124:562\u20137.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"2624_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.07.180","volume":"107","author":"N Aydin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aydin N, Ramazanoglu L, Onen MR, Yilmaz I, Aydin MD, Altinkaynak K, et al. Rationalization of the irrational neuropathologic basis of hypothyroidism-olfaction disorders paradox: experimental study. World Neurosurg. 2017;107:400\u20138.","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2624_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.06.006","volume":"213","author":"CA Tegla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tegla CA, Cudrici C, Rus V, Ito T, Vlaicu S, Singh A, et al. Neuroprotective effects of the complement terminal pathway during demyelination: implications for oligodendrocyte survival. J Neuroimmunol. 2009;213(1-2):3\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.06.006.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2624_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02453.x","volume":"66","author":"C Perricone","year":"2011","unstructured":"Perricone C, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld N, de Carolis C, Guarino MD, Gigliucci G, et al. Evidence of impaired sense of smell in hereditary angioedema. Allergy. 2011;66(1):149\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02453.x.","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"issue":"2","key":"2624_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.07.011","volume":"21","author":"C Kowal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kowal C, DeGiorgio LA, Nakaoka T, Hetherington H, Huerta PT, Diamond B, et al. Cognition and immunity; antibody impairs memory. Immunity. 2004;21(2):179\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.07.011.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"2624_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05302.x","volume":"1193","author":"S Kivity","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kivity S, Tsarfaty G, Agmon-Levin N, Blank M, Manor D, Konen E, et al. Abnormal olfactory function demonstrated by manganese-enhanced MRI in mice with experimental neuropsychiatric lupus. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1193(1):70\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05302.x.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2624_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2008.09.002","volume":"31","author":"A Katzav","year":"2008","unstructured":"Katzav A, Ben-Ziv T, Chapman J, Blank M, Reichlin M, Shoenfeld Y. Anti-P ribosomal antibodies induce defect in smell capability in a model of CNS-SLE (depression). J Autoimmun. 2008;31(4):393\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2008.09.002.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"12","key":"2624_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38852","volume":"66","author":"MB Lauvsnes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lauvsnes MB, Beyer MK, Kval\u00f8y JT, Greve OJ, Appenzeller S, Kvivik I, et al. Association of hippocampal atrophy with cerebrospinal fluid antibodies against the NR2 subtype of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2014;66(12):3387\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.38852.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"12","key":"2624_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780361218","volume":"36","author":"JM Weiffenbach","year":"1993","unstructured":"Weiffenbach JM, Fox PC. Odor identification ability among patients with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36(12):1752\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.1780361218.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"2624_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.6.704","volume":"82","author":"RM Stanbury","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stanbury RM, Graham EM. Systemic corticosteroid therapy--side effects and their management. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82(6):704\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.82.6.704.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2624_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2011.06.007","volume":"141","author":"R Jonsson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jonsson R, Vogelsang P, Volchenkov R, Espinosa A, Wahren-Herlenius M, Appel S. The complexity of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: novel aspects on pathogenesis. Immunol Lett. 2011;141(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imlet.2011.06.007.","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"2624_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2017.06.002","volume":"43","author":"M Margaretten","year":"2017","unstructured":"Margaretten M. Neurologic manifestations of primary Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2017;43(4):519\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rdc.2017.06.002.","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin N Am"},{"issue":"10","key":"2624_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140362","volume":"41","author":"BM Segal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Segal BM, Rhodus N, Moser Sivils KL, Solid CA. Validation of the brief cognitive symptoms index in Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. J Rheumatol. 2014;41(10):2027\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.140362.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2624_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.07.060","volume":"322","author":"K Yoshikawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yoshikawa K, Hatate J, Toratani N, Sugiura S, Shimizu Y, Takahash T, et al. Prevalence of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome with dementia in a memory clinic. J Neurol Sci. 2012;322(1-2):217\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2012.07.060.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2624_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3714","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1341-0","volume":"56","author":"T Shin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shin T, Kim J, Ahn M, Moon C. Olfactory dysfunction in CNS neuroimmunological disorders: a review. Mol Neurobiol. 2019;56(5):3714\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-018-1341-0.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2624_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110574","volume":"39","author":"S Cavaco","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cavaco S, Martins Da Silva A, Santos E, Coutinho E, Marinho A, Moreira I, et al. Are cognitive and olfactory dysfunctions in neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus dependent on anxiety or depression? J Rheumatol. 2012;39(4):770\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.110574.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02624-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02624-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02624-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T03:09:11Z","timestamp":1632884951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02624-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2624"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02624-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Ethics Committee of the Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital approved the study, and informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"250"}}