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The aim of this project was to develop a plain radiographic scoring system for NBF in gout.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Informed by a literature review, scoring systems were tested in 80 individual 1st and 5th metatarsophalangeal joints. Plain radiography scores were compared with computed tomography (CT) measurements of the same joints. The best-performing scoring system was then tested in paired sets of hand and foot radiographs obtained over 2 years from an additional 25 patients. Inter-reader reproducibility was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). NBF scores were correlated with plain radiographic erosion scores (using the gout-modified Sharp-van der Heijde system).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Following a series of structured reviews of plain radiographs and scoring exercises, a semi-quantitative scoring system for sclerosis and spur was developed. In the individual joint analysis, the inter-observer ICC (95% CI) was 0.84 (0.76\u20130.89) for sclerosis and 0.81 (0.72\u20130.87) for spur. Plain radiographic sclerosis and spur scores correlated with CT measurements (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.65\u20130.74,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001 for all analyses). For the hand and foot radiograph sets, the inter-observer ICC (95% CI) was 0.94 (0.90\u20130.98) for sclerosis score and 0.76 (0.65\u20130.84) for spur score. Sclerosis and spur scores correlated highly with plain radiographic erosion scores (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.87 and 0.71 respectively), but not with change in erosion scores over 2 years (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.04\u20130.15).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A semi-quantitative plain radiographic scoring method for the assessment of NBF in gout is feasible, valid, and reproducible. This method may facilitate consistent measurement of NBF in gout.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02683-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T23:38:54Z","timestamp":1638920334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development of a radiographic scoring system for new bone formation in gout"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1722-2190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Nam","family":"Son","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ferrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Billington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Jung Jack","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Horne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa K.","family":"Stamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Dalbeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2683_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R165","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3913","volume":"14","author":"N Dalbeth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dalbeth N, Milligan A, Doyle AJ, Clark B, McQueen FM. 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All participants provided written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"ND reports grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca; personal fees from PK Med, JW Pharmaceutical Corporation, Horizon, Abbvie, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Dyve Biosciences, Selecta, and Arthrosi; and grants from Amgen and AstraZeneca outside the submitted work. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"296"}}