{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T15:12:58Z","timestamp":1780758778769,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005760","name":"University of Gothenburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005760","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Increased level of urate is the strongest risk factor for gout development but since only a minority of hyperuricemics are affected by gout, other pathogenic factors must be considered. Low birth weight is associated with future morbidities causing hyperuricemia, such as diabetes and renal disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate if, and to what extent, maternal and perinatal factors, including birth weight, are associated with future risk of being diagnosed with gout.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A population-based retrospective nested case-control registry study based on regional and national health care registers in Sweden. All incident cases of gout born in 1973 and onward who had received \u22651 diagnosis of gout from 2000 through 2019 in the region of western Sweden were included. Up to 5 non-gout controls were matched to each case by age, sex, and county at the year of first gout diagnosis. A range of maternal, gestational, and perinatal factors were analyzed for their potential association to future gout development. This included the health of the mother, gestational length, birth weight, number of siblings, and congenital malformations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Maternal diabetes, any congenital malformation, and being small for gestational age were factors that significantly increased the risk for future gout development, odds ratio (95% CI) 3.1 (1.3 to 7.4) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.01), 1.33 (1.04 to 1.7) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.02), and 1.75 (1.3 to 2.3) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;.0001), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, maternal diabetes and being small for gestational age increased the risk for future gout development in young adults. As of today, these conditions are becoming more prevalent and may contribute to the ongoing gout epidemic. These results require both confirmation and further delineation of underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02749-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T07:02:37Z","timestamp":1646118157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association between perinatal factors and future risk for gout\u2014a nested case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mats","family":"Dehlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennart T. H.","family":"Jacobsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2749_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0441-1","volume":"16","author":"M Dehlin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dehlin M, Jacobsson L, Roddy E. Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence, treatment patterns and risk factors. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16(7):380\u201390.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2749_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1062-6","volume":"18","author":"M Dehlin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dehlin M, Drivelegka P, Sigurdardottir V, Sv\u00e4rd A, Jacobsson LT. Incidence and prevalence of gout in Western Sweden. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016;18(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2749_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapetanovic MC, Hameed M, Turkiewicz A, Neogi T, Saxne T, Jacobsson L, et al. Prevalence and incidence of gout in southern Sweden from the socioeconomic perspective. RMD Open. 2016;2(2):e000326.","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2016-000326"},{"issue":"11","key":"2749_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.155","volume":"13","author":"AK So","year":"2017","unstructured":"So AK, Martinon F. Inflammation in gout: mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017;13(11):639\u201347.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2749_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindstr\u00f6m U, Forsblad-d\u2019Elia H, Askling J, Kristensen LE, Lie E, Exarchou S, et al. Therapy: Perinatal characteristics, older siblings, and risk of ankylosing spondylitis: a case\u2013control study based on national registers.\u00a0Arthritis Res Ther. 2016;18(1):1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-0917-1"},{"key":"2749_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markopoulou P, Papanikolaou E, Analytis A, Zoumakis E, Siahanidou TJTJ. Preterm birth as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in adult life: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\u00a0J Pediatr. 2019;210:69\u201380. e65.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.02.041"},{"key":"2749_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knop MR, Geng TT, Gorny AW, Ding R, Li C, Ley SH, et al. Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension in adults: a meta-analysis of 7 646 267 participants from 135 studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(23):e008870.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008870"},{"key":"2749_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vikse BE, Irgens LM, Leivestad T, Hallan S, Iversen BMJJASN. Low birth weight increases risk for end-stage renal disease.\u00a0J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(1):151\u20137.","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007020252"},{"key":"2749_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko\u0142buc M, Bienia\u015b B, Habbig S, Ko\u0142ek M, Szczepanska M, Kili\u015b-Pstrusi\u0144ska K, et al. MO043hyperuricemia is relatively common in children with HNF1B mutation, but its utility as a clinically useful marker for predicting the mutation is limited. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2021;36(Supplement_1).","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab080.0015"},{"key":"2749_CR10","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"A Nanagiri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nanagiri A, Shabbir N. Lesch Nyhan Syndrome. In:  StatPearls; 2020."},{"key":"2749_CR11","unstructured":"Socialstyrelsen: The Swedish Medical Birth Register.\u00a0https:\/\/www.socialstyrelsen.se\/en\/statistics-and-data\/registers\/nationalmedical-birth-register\/. Accessed 27 Feb 2022."},{"issue":"7","key":"2749_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14164.x","volume":"85","author":"K Mar\u0161\u00e1l","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mar\u0161\u00e1l K, Persson PH, Larsen T, Lilja H, Selbing A, Sultan B. Intrauterine growth curves based on ultrasonically estimated foetal weights. Acta Paediatr. 1996;85(7):843\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2749_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1387893","volume":"32","author":"S Burlina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burlina S, Dalfr\u00e0 M, Lapolla A. Short-and long-term consequences for offspring exposed to maternal diabetes: a review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(4):687\u201394.","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2749_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2180-y","volume":"54","author":"L Philipps","year":"2011","unstructured":"Philipps L, Santhakumaran S, Gale C, Prior E, Logan K, Hyde M, et al. The diabetic pregnancy and offspring BMI in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2011;54(8):1957\u201366.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"2749_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12625","volume":"32","author":"LE Donovan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Donovan LE, Cundy T. Does exposure to hyperglycaemia in utero increase the risk of obesity and diabetes in the offspring? A critical reappraisal. Diabet Med. 2015;32(3):295\u2013304.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2749_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.03.024","volume":"128","author":"K Ogurtsova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ogurtsova K, da Rocha FJ, Huang Y, Linnenkamp U, Guariguata L, Cho NH, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;128:40\u201350.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2749_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000221","volume":"4","author":"HE Fadl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fadl HE, Simmons D. Trends in diabetes in pregnancy in Sweden 1998\u20132012. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2016;4(1):e000221.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"2749_CR18","volume-title":"The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems ICD-10: Tenth Revision. Volume 1: Tabular List, vol. 1: World Health Organization","author":"Organization WH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Organization WH: The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems ICD-10: Tenth Revision. Volume 1: Tabular List, vol. 1: World Health Organization; 2004."},{"issue":"5","key":"2749_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2012.38","volume":"8","author":"CL Abitbol","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abitbol CL, Rodriguez MM. The long-term renal and cardiovascular consequences of prematurity. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2012;8(5):265\u201374.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2749_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.062554","volume":"88","author":"S Beck","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beck S, Wojdyla D, Say L, Betran AP, Merialdi M, Requejo JH, et al. The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity. Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88:31\u20138.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"7","key":"2749_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400248","volume":"35","author":"CN Hales","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hales CN, Barker DJ. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia. 1992;35(7):595\u2013601.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"2749_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0231-6","volume":"49","author":"R Bergholdt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bergholdt R, Eising S, Nerup J, Pociot F. Increased prevalence of Down\u2019s syndrome in individuals with type 1 diabetes in Denmark: a nationwide population-based study. Diabetologia. 2006;49(6):1179.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"2749_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20666","volume":"88","author":"G Cocchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cocchi G, Gualdi S, Bower C, Halliday J, Jonsson B, Myrelid \u00c5, et al. International trends of Down syndrome 1993\u20132004: births in relation to maternal age and terminations of pregnancies. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2010;88(6):474\u20139.","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2749_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780100409","volume":"10","author":"SL Wallace","year":"1967","unstructured":"Wallace SL, Chase PH, Ellman A. Birth order in gout. Arthritis Rheumatism. 1967;10(4):388\u201391.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatism"},{"issue":"7","key":"2749_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.089342","volume":"68","author":"C Carlens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carlens C, Jacobsson L, Brandt L, Cnattingius S, Stephansson O, Askling J. Perinatal characteristics, early life infections and later risk of rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(7):1159\u201364.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2749_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0906-9","volume":"18","author":"U Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lindstr\u00f6m U, Forsblad-d\u2019Elia H, Askling J, Kristensen LE, Lie E, Exarchou S, et al. Perinatal characteristics, older siblings, and risk of ankylosing spondylitis: a case\u2013control study based on national registers. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016;18(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2749_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0614-2","volume":"16","author":"M Dehlin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dehlin M, Stasinopoulou K, Jacobsson L. Validity of gout diagnosis in Swedish primary and secondary care-a validation study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2015;16(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"2749_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.180989","volume":"46","author":"M Dehlin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dehlin M, Landgren AJ, Bergsten U, Jacobsson LT. The validity of gout diagnosis in primary care: results from a patient survey. J Rheumatol. 2019;46(11):1531\u20134.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-022-02749-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-022-02749-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-022-02749-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T07:07:08Z","timestamp":1646118428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13075-022-02749-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-022-02749-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Regional Ethic Review board in Gothenburg, Sweden, approved the study (Dnr 519-16). The study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent to participate was waived since this was a retrospective register study on anonymized data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"60"}}