{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T08:46:48Z","timestamp":1794473208050,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To describe the epidemiology, determinants and survival impact of gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) in systemic sclerosis (SSc).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Consecutive SSc patients prospectively enrolled in the Australian Scleroderma Cohort Study (ASCS) were included. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to determine the associations of GAVE with clinical manifestations and serological parameters. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival curves were used to estimate survival.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of GAVE in this SSc cohort of 2039 SSc patients was 10.6% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 216) over a median follow-up period of 4.3(1.7\u20138.4) years. SSc patients with a history of GAVE compared with those without a history of GAVE were older at SSc onset [49.5 (40.0\u201358.2) vs 46.7 (36.0\u201356.7) years, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.05]; more likely to have diffuse disease subtype (dcSSc) (35.3% vs 24.1%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001); be negative for Scl-70, U1RNP and Scl\/PM antibody (4.0% vs 16.1%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001, 3.5% vs 7.4%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.041, 0.0% vs 2.0%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.042; and respectively) and positive for RNAP III antibody (24.9% vs 8.3%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Those with GAVE had a worse HRQoL (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.002). Independent determinants of GAVE included the presence of RNAP III antibody (OR 3.46, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), absence of Scl-70 antibody (OR 0.23, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), presence of GIT dysmotility (OR 1.64, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.004), and digital ulcers; pits; or digital amputation (OR 1.59, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.014).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>GAVE is an underestimated and underappreciated SSc manifestation of SSc, which occurs with a relatively high frequency. Identifying an at-risk GAVE phenotype, as presented herein, is of practical importance as screening may prove advantageous given GAVE can be easily diagnosed and treated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02790-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T05:02:41Z","timestamp":1652158961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Gastric antral vascular ectasia in systemic sclerosis: a study of its epidemiology, disease characteristics and impact on survival"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Morrisroe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Sahhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gene-Siew","family":"Ngian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Roddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Proudman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandana","family":"Nikpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2790_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12111","volume":"43","author":"M Nikpour","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nikpour M, Proudman S, Zochling J, Sahhar J, Nash P, Youssef P, et al. Early mortality in systemic sclerosis: rationale for forming a multinational inception cohort of patients with scleroderma (the insync study). Intern Med J. 2013;43:4.","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2790_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.99","volume":"13","author":"A Emmanuel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Emmanuel A. Current management of the gastrointestinal complications of systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;13(8):461\u201372.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2790_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key350","volume":"58","author":"N Richard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Richard N, Hudson M, Wang M, Gyger G, Proudman S, Stevens W, et al. Severe gastrointestinal disease in very early systemic sclerosis is associated with early mortality. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2019;58(4):636\u201344.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2790_CR4","first-page":"53","volume":"36 Suppl 113","author":"K Morrisroe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morrisroe K, Hudson M, Baron M, de Vries-Bouwstra J, Carreira PE, Wuttge DM, et al. Determinants of health-related quality of life in a multinational systemic sclerosis inception cohort. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2018;36 Suppl 113(4):53\u201360.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2790_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(53)80070-3","volume":"24","author":"JA Rider","year":"1953","unstructured":"Rider JA, Klotz AP, Kirsner JB. Gastritis with veno-capillary ectasia as a source of massive gastric hemorrhage. Gastroenterology. 1953;24(1):118\u201323.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"5","key":"2790_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(84)80080-3","volume":"87","author":"M Jabbari","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jabbari M, Cherry R, Lough JO, Daly DS, Kinnear DG, Goresky CA. Gastric antral vascular ectasia: the watermelon stomach. Gastroenterology. 1984;87(5):1165\u201370.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"5","key":"2790_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-255X(02)00435-3","volume":"7","author":"YW Novitsky","year":"2003","unstructured":"Novitsky YW, Kercher KW, Czerniach DR, Litwin DE. Watermelon stomach: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7(5):652\u201361.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2790_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.6.866","volume":"49","author":"KW Burak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Burak KW, Lee SS, Beck PL. Portal hypertensive gastropathy and gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) syndrome. Gut. 2001;49(6):866\u201372.","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"1","key":"2790_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03353.x","volume":"96","author":"I Marie","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marie I, Levesque H, Ducrott\u00e9 P, Denis P, Hellot MF, Benichou J, et al. Gastric involvement in systemic sclerosis: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(1):77\u201383.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2790_CR10","first-page":"543704","volume":"2010","author":"I Batal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Batal I, Domsic RT, Medsger TA, Bastacky S. Scleroderma renal crisis: a pathology perspective. Int. J Rheumatol. 2010;2010:543704.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2790_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2396","volume":"144","author":"NF Chaisson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chaisson NF, Hassoun PM. Systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest. 2013;144(4):1346\u201356.","journal-title":"Chest."},{"issue":"2","key":"2790_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2012.1036","volume":"11","author":"P Kar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kar P, Mitra S, Resnick JM, Torbey CF. Gastric antral vascular ectasia: case report and review of the literature. Clin Med Res. 2013;11(2):80\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Med Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2790_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199210000-00019","volume":"15","author":"CJ Gostout","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gostout CJ, Viggiano TR, Ahlquist DA, Wang KK, Larson MV, Balm R. The clinical and endoscopic spectrum of the watermelon stomach. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1992;15(3):256\u201363.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2790_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000927","volume":"26","author":"APL Assad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Assad APL, Farias R, Gaspari CN, da Silva HC, Andrade DCO, Sampaio-Barros PD. Diagnosis and management of gastric antral vascular ectasia: experience in a large single cohort of patients with systemic sclerosis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2020;26(2):79\u201381.","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2790_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130386","volume":"41","author":"E Ghr\u00e9nassia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghr\u00e9nassia E, Avouac J, Khanna D, Derk CT, Distler O, Suliman YA, et al. Prevalence, correlates and outcomes of gastric antral vascular ectasia in systemic sclerosis: a EUSTAR case-control study. J Rheumatol. 2014;41(1):99\u2013105.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2790_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03739.x","volume":"28","author":"I Marie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marie I, Ducrotte P, Antonietti M, Herve S, Levesque H. Watermelon stomach in systemic sclerosis: its incidence and management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28(4):412\u201321.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2790_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703327","volume":"378","author":"KM Sullivan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sullivan KM, Goldmuntz EA, Keyes-Elstein L, McSweeney PA, Pinckney A, Welch B, et al. Myeloablative autologous stem-cell transplantation for severe scleroderma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(1):35\u201347.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2790_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.121087","volume":"40","author":"EW Hung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hung EW, Mayes MD, Sharif R, Assassi S, Machicao VI, Hosing C, et al. Gastric antral vascular ectasia and its clinical correlates in patients with early diffuse systemic sclerosis in the SCOT trial. J Rheumatol. 2013;40(4):455\u201360.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2790_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204424","volume":"72","author":"F van den Hoogen","year":"2013","unstructured":"van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, Johnson SR, Baron M, Tyndall A, et al. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American college of rheumatology\/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(11):1747\u201355.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2790_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.005","volume":"41","author":"L Cappelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cappelli L, Wigley FM. Management of Raynaud phenomenon and digital ulcers in scleroderma. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2015;41(3):419\u201338.","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin N Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"2790_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801913","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01913-2018","volume":"53","author":"G Simonneau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simonneau G, Montani D, Celermajer DS, Denton CP, Gatzoulis MA, Krowka M, et al. Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(1):1801913.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2790_CR22","first-page":"1117","volume":"33","author":"SR Johnson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Johnson SR, Glaman DD, Schentag CT, Lee P. Quality of life and functional status in systemic sclerosis compared to other rheumatic diseases. J Rheumatol. 2006;33(6):1117\u201322.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2790_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090375","volume":"37","author":"S Sekhon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sekhon S, Pope J, Group CSR, Baron M. The minimally important difference in clinical practice for patient-centered outcomes including Health Assessment Questionnaire, Fatigue, Pain, Sleep, Global Visual Analog Scale, and SF-36 in Scleroderma. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(3):591\u20138.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2790_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000539","volume":"30","author":"A Valenzuela","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valenzuela A, Song P, Chung L. Calcinosis in scleroderma. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2018;30(6):554\u201361.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2790_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000124339","volume":"77","author":"CP Selinger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Selinger CP, Ang YS. Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE): an update on clinical presentation, pathophysiology and treatment. Digestion. 2008;77(2):131\u20137.","journal-title":"Digestion."},{"issue":"2","key":"2790_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40377","volume":"70","author":"Y Allanore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Allanore Y, Distler O, Matucci-Cerinic M, Denton CP. Review: defining a unified vascular phenotype in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2018;70(2):162\u201370.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2790_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/762546","volume":"2015","author":"R Parrado","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parrado R, Lemus H, Coral-Alvarado P, Quintana G. Gastric antral vascular ectasia in systemic sclerosis: current concepts. Int J Rheumatol. 2015;2015:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2790_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v5.i1.6","volume":"5","author":"L Fuccio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fuccio L, Mussetto A, Laterza L, Eusebi LH, Bazzoli F. Diagnosis and management of gastric antral vascular ectasia. World J Gastrointestin Endosc. 2013;5(1):6\u201313.","journal-title":"World J Gastrointestin Endosc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2790_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4103\/ejim.ejim_8_18","volume":"30","author":"AT El-Hawary","year":"2018","unstructured":"El-Hawary AT, Mostafa EF, Mohamed SY, Kotb LI. Improvement of iron-deficiency anemia resulting from gastric antral vascular ectasia in patients with systemic sclerosis: cyclophosphamide versus argon plasma coagulation. Egypt J Intern Med. 2018;30(4):175\u201381.","journal-title":"Egypt J Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2790_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12883","volume":"45","author":"DA Papachristos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Papachristos DA, Nikpour M, Hair C, Stevens WM. Intravenous cyclophosphamide as a therapeutic option for severe refractory gastric antral vascular ectasia in systemic sclerosis. Intern Med J. 2015;45(10):1077\u201381.","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2790_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew047","volume":"56","author":"M Hughes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hughes M, Herrick AL. Digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2017;56(1):14\u201325.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"4 Suppl 91","key":"2790_CR32","first-page":"S47","volume":"33","author":"M Brand","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brand M, Hollaender R, Rosenberg D, Scott M, Hunsche E, Tyndall A, et al. An observational cohort study of patients with newly diagnosed digital ulcer disease secondary to systemic sclerosis registered in the EUSTAR database. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2015;33(4 Suppl 91):S47\u201354.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2790_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01508-8","volume":"18","author":"F Albuquerque de Almeida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Albuquerque de Almeida F, Al MJ, Koymans R, Riistama J, Pauws S, Severens JL. Impact of hospitalisation on health-related quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2020;18(1):262.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"12","key":"2790_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-019-02284-9","volume":"28","author":"M Sierakowska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sierakowska M, Doroszkiewicz H, Sierakowska J, Olesi\u0144ska M, Grabowska-Jodkowska A, Brzosko M, et al. Factors associated with quality of life in systemic sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. Qual Life Res. 2019;28(12):3347\u201354.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-022-02790-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-022-02790-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-022-02790-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T05:03:35Z","timestamp":1652159015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13075-022-02790-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-022-02790-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent from all patients and ethical approval from all participating hospitals were obtained. Participating Hospitals included St Vincent\u2019s Hospital Melbourne, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All patients whose de-identified patient information used for this data analysis have consented to the use of their data for research purposes.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"103"}}