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In our recent study, calpain is increased in the sera of scleroderma or systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, the role of calpain in interstitial lung disease (ILD) has not been reported. ILD is a severe complication of SSc, which is the leading cause of death in SSc. The pathogenesis of SSc-related ILD remains incompletely understood. This study investigated the role of myeloid cell calpain in SSc-related ILD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A novel line of mice with myeloid cell-specific deletion of\n                      <jats:italic>Capns1<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>Capns1-ko<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) was created. SSc-related ILD was induced in\n                      <jats:italic>Capns1-ko<\/jats:italic>\n                      mice and their wild-type littermates by injection 0.l mL of bleomycin (0.4\u00a0mg\/mL) for 4\u00a0weeks. In a separate experiment, a pharmacological inhibitor of calpain PD150606 (Biomol, USA, 3\u00a0mg\/kg\/day, i.p.) daily for 30\u00a0days was given to mice after bleomycin injection on daily basis. At the end of the experiment, the animals were killed, skin and lung tissues were collected for the following analysis. Inflammation, fibrosis and calpain activity and cytokines were assessed by histological examinations and ELISA, and immunohistochemical analyses, western blot analysis and Flow cytometry analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Calpain activities increased in SSc-mouse lungs. Both deletion of\n                      <jats:italic>Capns1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and administration of PD150606 attenuated dermal sclerosis as evidenced by a reduction of skin thickness and reduced interstitial fibrosis and inflammation in bleomycin model of SSc mice. These effects of reduced calpain expression or activity were associated with prevention of macrophage polarization toward M1 phenotype and consequent reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-\u03b1, IL-12 and IL-23 in lung tissues of\n                      <jats:italic>Capns1-ko<\/jats:italic>\n                      mice with bleomycin model of SSc. Furthermore, inhibition of calpain correlated with an increase in the protein levels of PI3K and phosphorylated AKT1 in lung tissues of the bleomycin model of SSc mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study for the first time demonstrates that the role of myeloid cell calpain may be promotion of macrophage M1 polarization and pro-inflammatory responses related PI3K\/AKT1 signaling. Thus, myeloid cell calpain may be a potential therapeutic target for bleomycin model of SSc-related ILD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02833-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T00:03:07Z","timestamp":1655769787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Myeloid cell-specific deletion of Capns1 prevents macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype and reduces interstitial lung disease in the bleomycin model of systemic sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuemei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruizhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Greer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianqing","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0466-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"2833_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0806188","volume":"360","author":"A Gabrielli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gabrielli A, Avvedimento EV, Krieg T. 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