{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:51:53Z","timestamp":1781657513168,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a common chronic inflammatory disease, associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling of the cartilage, bone, and connective tissues. The primary symptom of axSpA is back pain, caused by inflammation. However, there is a medical need to truly identify patients with axSpA from other subjects with buttock or low back pain attributable to other reasons. We aimed to investigate circulating biomarkers of ECM\/inflammation (MMP-degraded type I (C1M), II (C2M, T2CM), III (C3M), IV (C4M), VI (C6M), and X (C10C, COL10NC) collagens, CRPM, PROM and VICM) and ECM formation of type II (PRO-C2), III (PRO-C3), IV (PRO-C4), and VI (PRO-C6) collagens as potential biomarkers to identify patients with axSpA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We measured biomarkers from a cross-sectional study with 204 participants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study included axSpA patients (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 41), women with postpartum buttock\/pelvic pain (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 46), disc herniation (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 25), and a group of healthy subjects (including women without postpartum pelvic pain (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 14), subjects with various types of physical strain (cleaning staff (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 26) long-distance runners (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 23)), and healthy men (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 29)). Differences between the groups were calculated by ANCOVA and AUC, while Spearman\u2019s correlations were performed with ECM biomarkers and clinical scores.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Patients with axSpA expressed significantly higher levels of C1M, C4M, and VICM (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05-<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001) compared to all the non-axSpA control groups. Further, C6M and PRO-C4 were significantly higher in patients with axSpA (both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001) compared to women with postpartum pelvic pain and healthy subjects, whereas PRO-C3 was significantly lower compared to healthy subjects (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01). The best ECM common biomarker to differentiate between axSpA and the non-axSpA control groups was PRO-C4 (AUC \u2265 0.75; specificity \u2265 0.79, sensitivity = 0.65). Mild correlations were observed between collagen turnover and inflammation biomarkers and CRP and MRI (<jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic> \u2265 0.3; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05-<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Biomarkers of type I, IV, and VI collagen and biomarkers of inflammation showed an altered turnover in patients with axSpA compared with the non-axSpA control groups. Such biomarkers may be useful in combination with MRI or independently to separate patients with axSpA from other back pain conditions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02839-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T07:02:48Z","timestamp":1655967768000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Extracellular matrix protein turnover markers are associated with axial spondyloarthritis\u2014a comparison with postpartum women and other non-axial spondyloarthritis controls with or without back pain"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Helena","family":"Port","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Signe Holm","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie Falkenl\u00f8ve","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Christine","family":"Bay-Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten","family":"Karsdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seng\u00fcl","family":"Seven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge Juul","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lone","family":"Morsel-Carlsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikkel","family":"\u00d8stergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne Juhl","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2839_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31591-4","volume":"390","author":"J Sieper","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sieper J, Poddubnyy D. Axial spondyloarthritis. Lancet. 2017;390:73\u201384.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2839_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32833ac5cc","volume":"22","author":"M Rudwaleit","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rudwaleit M. New approaches to diagnosis and classification of axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2010;22:375\u201380.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2839_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X20934277","volume":"12","author":"M Lorenzin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lorenzin M, Ometto F, Ortolan A, Felicetti M, Favero M, Doria A, et al. An update on serum biomarkers to assess axial spondyloarthritis and to guide treatment decision. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2020;12:1\u201319.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"},{"key":"2839_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27571","volume":"62","author":"U Weber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weber U, Lambert RGW, \u00d8stergaard M, Hodler J, Pedersen SJ, Maksymowych WP. The diagnostic utility of magnetic resonance imaging in spondylarthritis: an international multicenter evaluation of one hundred eighty-seven subjects. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:3048\u201358.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2839_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3903-0","volume":"26","author":"B Arnbak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arnbak B, Jensen TS, Egund N, Zejden A, H\u00f8rslev-Petersen K, Manniche C, et al. Prevalence of degenerative and spondyloarthritis-related magnetic resonance imaging findings in the spine and sacroiliac joints in patients with persistent low back pain. Eur Radiol. 2016;26:1191\u2013203.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2839_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40475","volume":"70","author":"J de Winter","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Winter J, de Hooge M, van de Sande M, de Jong H, van Hoeven L, de Koning A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the sacroiliac joints indicating sacroiliitis according to the assessment of spondyloarthritis international society definition in healthy individuals, runners, and women with postpartum back pain. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018;70:1042\u20138.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2839_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41037","volume":"71","author":"S Seven","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seven S, \u00d8stergaard M, Morsel-Carlsen L, S\u00f8rensen IJ, Bonde B, Thamsborg G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of lesions in the sacroiliac joints for differentiation of patients with axial spondyloarthritis from control subjects with or without pelvic or buttock pain: a prospective, cross-sectional study of 204 participants. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71:2034\u201346.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2839_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40429","volume":"70","author":"U Weber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weber U, Jurik AG, Zejden A, Larsen E, J\u00f8rgensen SH, Rufibach K, et al. Frequency and anatomic distribution of magnetic resonance imaging features in the sacroiliac joints of young athletes. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018;70:736\u201345.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2839_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.02.002","volume":"15","author":"K Prajzlerov\u00e1","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prajzlerov\u00e1 K, Grobeln\u00e1 K, Pavelka K, \u0160enolt L, Filkov\u00e1 M. An update on biomarkers in axial spondyloarthritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2016;15:501\u20139.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2839_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00305","volume":"10","author":"WP Maksymowych","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maksymowych WP. Biomarkers for diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis, disease activity, prognosis, and prediction of response to therapy. Front Immunol. 2019;10:305.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2839_CR11","first-page":"971","volume":"26","author":"M Dougados","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dougados M, Gueguen A, Nakache JP, Velicitat P, Zeidler H, Veys E, et al. Clinical relevance of C-reactive protein in axial involvement of ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:971\u20134.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2839_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47502-z","volume":"9","author":"M Hu\u0161\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hu\u0161\u00e1kov\u00e1 M, Bay-Jensen AC, Forejtov\u00e1 \u0160, Zegzulkov\u00e1 K, Tom\u010d\u00edk M, Gregov\u00e1 M, et al. Metabolites of type I, II, III, and IV collagen may serve as markers of disease activity in axial spondyloarthritis. Sci Rep. 2019;9:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2839_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.023820","volume":"123","author":"C Frantz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frantz C, Stewart KM, Weaver VM. The extracellular matrix at a glance. J Cell Sci. 2010;123:4195\u2013200.","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2839_CR14","first-page":"358","volume":"37","author":"AS Siebuhr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Siebuhr AS, Hu\u0161akov\u00e1 M, Forejtov\u00e1 S, Zegzulkov\u00e1 K, Tom\u010dik M, Urbanov\u00e1 M, et al. Metabolites of C-reactive protein and vimentin are associated with disease activity of axial spondyloarthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019;37:358\u201366.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2839_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20477","volume":"50","author":"B Vandooren","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vandooren B, Kruithof E, Yu DTY, Rihl M, Gu J, De Rycke L, et al. Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in peripheral synovitis and down-regulation by tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 blockade in spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:2942\u201353.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2839_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040830","volume":"18","author":"S Moz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moz S, Aita A, Basso D, Ramonda R, Plebani M, Punzi L. Spondyloarthritis: matrix metalloproteinasesas biomarkers of pathogenesis and response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:830.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2839_CR17","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Biochemistry of collagens, laminins and elastin: Structure, function and biomarkers","author":"MA Karsdal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karsdal MA. Biochemistry of collagens, laminins and elastin: Structure, function and biomarkers. London: Wolff A; 2019. p. 1\u2013389."},{"key":"2839_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-2237-8","volume":"32","author":"AC Bay-Jensen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bay-Jensen AC, Leeming DJ, Kleyer A, Veidal SS, Schett G, Karsdal MA. Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by an increased turnover of several different metalloproteinase-derived collagen species: a cross-sectional study. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32:3565\u201372.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"2839_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R86","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4266","volume":"15","author":"AS Siebuhr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siebuhr AS, Bay-Jensen AC, Leeming DJ, Plat A, Byrjalsen I, Christiansen C, et al. Serological identification of fast progressors of structural damage with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15:R86.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2839_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1040-z","volume":"18","author":"NS Gudmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gudmann NS, Munk HL, Christensen AF, Ejstrup L, S\u00f8rensen GL, Loft AG, et al. Chondrocyte activity is increased in psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016;18:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2839_CR21","first-page":"403","volume":"4","author":"E Vassiliadis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vassiliadis E, Oliveira CP, Alvares-da-Silva MR, Zhang C, Carrilho FJ, Stefano JT, et al. Circulating levels of citrullinated and MMP-degraded vimentin (VICM) in liver fibrosis related pathology. Am J Transl Res. 2012;4:403\u201314.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"2839_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37843","volume":"65","author":"AC Bay-Jensen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bay-Jensen AC, Karsdal MA, Vassiliadis E, Wichuk S, Marcher-Mikkelsen K, Lories R, et al. Circulating citrullinated vimentin fragments reflect disease burden in ankylosing spondylitis and have prognostic capacity for radiographic progression. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:972\u201380.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2839_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2018-000648","volume":"4","author":"AS Siebuhr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Siebuhr AS, Van Der Heijde D, Bay-Jensen AC, Karsdal MA, Landew\u00e9 R, Van Tubergen A, et al. Is radiographic progression in radiographic axial spondyloarthritis related to matrix metalloproteinase degradation of extracellular matrix? RMD Open. 2018;4:1\u20137.","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"2839_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2010.07.025","volume":"43","author":"DJ Leeming","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leeming DJ, Larsen DV, Zhang C, Hi Y, Veidal SS, Nielsen RH, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent serum assays (ELISAs) for rat and human N-terminal pro-peptide of collagen type I (PINP) - Assessment of corresponding epitopes. Clin Biochem. 2010;43:1249\u201356.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2839_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2011.01.001","volume":"44","author":"AC Bay-Jensen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bay-Jensen AC, Liu Q, Byrjalsen I, Li Y, Wang J, Pedersen C, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs) for metalloproteinase derived type II collagen neoepitope, CIIM-Increased serum CIIM in subjects with severe radiographic osteoarthritis. Clin Biochem. 2011;44:423\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2839_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groen SS, Sinkeviciute D, Thudium CS, \u00d6nnerfjord P, Karsdal M, Bay-Jensen AC, et al. A novel serological pharmacodynamic biomarker assessing type II collagen degradation in osteoarthritis patients. Osteoarthr Cartil 2021;29:S91 (abstract).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.02.124"},{"key":"2839_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2010.03.012","volume":"43","author":"N Barascuk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barascuk N, Veidal SS, Larsen L, Larsen DV, Larsen MR, Wang J, et al. A novel assay for extracellular matrix remodeling associated with liver fibrosis: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for a MMP-9 proteolytically revealed neo-epitope of type III collagen. Clin Biochem. 2010;43:899\u2013904.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2839_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-4-22","volume":"4","author":"SS Veidal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Veidal SS, Karsdal MA, Nawrocki A, Larsen MR, Dai Y, Zheng Q, et al. Assessment of proteolytic degradation of the basement membrane: a fragment of type IV collagen as a biochemical marker for liver fibrosis. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair. 2011;4:1.","journal-title":"Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair"},{"key":"2839_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24753","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024753","volume":"6","author":"SS Veidal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Veidal SS, Karsdal MA, Vassiliadis E, Nawrocki A, Larsen MR, Nguyen QHT, et al. MMP mediated degradation of type VI collagen is highly associated with liver Fibrosis - Identification and validation of a novel biochemical marker assay. PLoS One. 2011;6:e24753.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2839_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.01.001","volume":"27","author":"Y He","year":"2019","unstructured":"He Y, Manon-Jensen T, Arendt-Nielsen L, Petersen KK, Christiansen T, Samuels J, et al. Potential diagnostic value of a type X collagen neo-epitope biomarker for knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019;27:611\u201320.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"2839_CR31","first-page":"371","volume":"30","author":"H Skj\u00f8t-Arkil","year":"2012","unstructured":"Skj\u00f8t-Arkil H, Schett G, Zhang C, Larsen DV, Wang Y, Zheng Q, et al. Investigation of two novel biochemical markers of inflammation, matrix metalloproteinase and cathepsin generated fragments of C-reactive protein, in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012;30:371\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2839_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinkeviciute D, Groen SS, Sun S, Manon-Jensen T, Aspberg A, \u00d6nnerfjord P, et al. A novel biomarker of MMP-cleaved prolargin is elevated in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Sci Rep 2020;10:1\u20130.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70327-0"},{"key":"2839_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo Y, He Y, Reker D, Gudmann NS, Henriksen K, Simonsen O, et al. A novel high sensitivity type II collagen blood-based biomarker, PRO-C2, for assessment of cartilage formation. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113485"},{"key":"2839_CR34","first-page":"303","volume":"5","author":"MJ Nielsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nielsen MJ, Nedergaard AF, Sun S, Veidal SS, Larsen L, Zheng Q, et al. The neo-epitope specific PRO-C3 ELISA measures true formation of type III collagen associated with liver and muscle parameters. Am J Transl Res. 2013;5:303\u201315.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"2839_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2011.00946.x","volume":"42","author":"DJ Leeming","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leeming DJ, Nielsen MJ, Dai Y, Veidal SS, Vassiliadis E, Zhang C, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent serum assay specific for the 7S domain of Collagen Type IV (P4NP 7S): a marker related to the extracellular matrix remodeling during liver fibrogenesis. Hepatol Res. 2012;42:482\u201393.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"2839_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-019-01306-9","volume":"56","author":"M Frimodt-M\u00f8ller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frimodt-M\u00f8ller M, Hansen TW, Rasmussen DGK, Theilade S, Nielsen SH, Karsdal MA, et al. A marker of type VI collagen formation (PRO-C6) is associated with higher arterial stiffness in type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2019;56:711\u20132.","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"2839_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0675-5","volume":"17","author":"J Bleil","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bleil J, Sieper J, Maier R, Schlichting U, Hempfing A, Syrbe U, et al. Cartilage in facet joints of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) shows signs of cartilage degeneration rather than chondrocyte hypertrophy: implications for joint remodeling in AS. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:1\u20130.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2839_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00177","volume":"6","author":"M Lorenzin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lorenzin M, Ortolan A, Felicetti M, Favero M, Vio S, Zaninotto M, et al. Serological biomarkers in early axial spondyloarthritis during 24-months follow up (Italian Arm of Space Study). Front Med. 2019;6:177.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2839_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum090347","volume":"36","author":"WP Maksymowych","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maksymowych WP, FitzGerald O, Wells GA, Gladman DD, Landew\u00e9 R, \u00d8stergaard M, et al. Proposal for levels of evidence schema for validation of a soluble biomarker reflecting damage endpoints in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, and recommendations for study design. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:1792\u20139.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2839_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-1852-8","volume":"32","author":"E Soliman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soliman E, Labib W, El-Tantawi G, Hamimy A, Alhadidy A, Aldawoudy A. Role of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and magnetic resonance imaging of sacroiliitis in assessing disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32:1711\u201320.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"2839_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei208","volume":"45","author":"CH Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen CH, Lin KC, Yu DTY, Yang C, Huang F, Chen HA, et al. Serum matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in ankylosing spondylitis: MMP-3 is a reproducibly sensitive and specific biomarker of disease activity. Rheumatology. 2006;45:414\u201320.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"2839_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bay-Jensen AC, Madsen SF, Gehring K, Musa K, Karsdal M. AB0067 Rheumatoid arthritis is driven not only by inflammation but also by fibrogenesis. Ann Rheum Dis 2021;80:1064.1-101064 (abstract).","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-eular.3619"},{"key":"2839_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24838","volume":"61","author":"MK De Vries","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Vries MK, Van Eijk IC, Van Der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Peters MJL, Nurmohamed MT, Dijkmans BAC, et al. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein level, and serum amyloid a protein for patient selection and monitoring of anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:1484\u201390.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-022-02839-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-022-02839-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-022-02839-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T07:06:31Z","timestamp":1655967991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13075-022-02839-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-022-02839-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The samples used in this study belong to the MASH study, which was supported by Rigshospitalet and a study grant from the Danish Rheumatism Association (R102-A2132-B98).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr. Nielsen is full-time employee at Nordic Bioscience A\/S. Dr. Bay-Jensen and Dr. Karsdal are employed at and own stocks in Nordic Bioscience A\/S. Dr. Seven has received consulting fees, speaking fees, and\/or honoraria from UCB and Sanofi (less than $10,000 each) and from Novartis (more than $10,000) and research support from Novartis. Dr. \u00d8stergaard has received consulting fees, speaking fees, and\/or honoraria from AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celegene, Eli Lilly, Hospira, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Novo, Orion, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, and UCB (less than $10,000 each). Dr. Pedersen has received speaking fees from MSD, Pfizer, AbbVie, and UCB (less than $10,000 each), consulting fees and\/or honoraria from AbbVie (less than $10,000), consulting fees, speaking fees, and\/or honoraria from Novartis (more than $10,000), and research support from AbbVie, MSD, and Novartis.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"152"}}