{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:54:25Z","timestamp":1791986065386,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006254","name":"Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Accumulating evidence supports the role of monocytes and neutrophils in radiographic axSpA (r-axSpA). Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a growth factor for both leukocyte lineages and a pro-inflammatory cytokine activating myeloid cells and promoting osteoclastogenesis. It acts through the JAK-STAT pathway. We measured serum GM-CSF and markers of bone metabolism in patients with r-axSpA before and after anti-TNF treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Patients with active r-axSpA despite treatment with NSAIDs, all eligible for treatment with a biologic agent, were recruited. Healthy donors were sampled as controls. Serum was collected before (baseline) and after 4\u20136 months (follow-up) of anti-TNF treatment and the following molecules were measured with ELISA: GM-CSF, sclerostin (SOST), and dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Twelve r-axSpA patients (7 males, 5 females, median age 37 years) with a median disease duration of 1 year and 16 age- and sex-matched controls were included. At baseline, patients had mean BASDAI 6.3\u00b12 and ASDAS 3.2\u00b10.7, which decreased to 4.1\u00b11.7 and 2.2\u00b10.6 at follow-up, respectively. At baseline, r-axSpA patients had significantly higher mean serum levels of GM-CSF (150 vs 62pg\/ml, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.049), significantly lower Dkk-1 (1228 vs 3052pg\/ml, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.001), but similar levels of SOST (369 vs 544pg\/ml, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.144) compared to controls. Anti-TNF treatment did not affect GM-CSF, Dkk-1, or SOST levels. Spearman correlation analysis showed that GM-CSF correlated positively with ASDAS at baseline (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>=0.61, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.039), while no correlations were identified between bone markers (Dkk-1, SOST) on one hand and GM-CSF or disease activity indices on the other.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>GM-CSF is increased in patients with active AS and strongly correlates with disease activity. TNF inhibition does not affect GM-SCF levels, despite improving disease activity. GM-CSF may represent an important pathway responsible for residual inflammation during TNF blockade, but also a potential target of JAK inhibitors, explaining their efficacy in r-axSpA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02888-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T06:02:55Z","timestamp":1660629775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Serum granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is increased in patients with active radiographic axial spondyloarthritis and persists despite anti-TNF treatment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Charalampos","family":"Papagoras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Styliani","family":"Tsiami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akrivi","family":"Chrysanthopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Mitroulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xenofon","family":"Baraliakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2888_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1406182","volume":"374","author":"JD Taurog","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taurog JD, Chhabra A, Colbert RA. Ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:2563\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1406182.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2888_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215356","volume":"78","author":"DG McGonagle","year":"2019","unstructured":"McGonagle DG, McInnes IB, Kirkham BW, Sherlock J, Moots R. The role of IL-17A in axial spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: recent advances and controversies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(9):1167\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215356.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2888_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sen R, Kim E, Cheng E, Ganuthula K, Fang M, Kerr G, et al. A Tough Cell: The Argument for a Biomarker of Clinical and Imaging Outcomes in Spondyloarthritis: The Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio and the Platelet Lymphocyte Ratio [abstract]. 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All subjects gave their written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests regarding the present work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"195"}}