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Here, we aimed to investigate the role of T and B cells in this humanized mouse model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      T and B cells were depleted in vitro from freshly isolated PBMC using anti-CD3 and anti-CD19 magnetic\n                      <jats:italic>microbeads<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively. Subsequently, PBMC and T or B cell-depleted PBMC were transferred into\n                      <jats:italic>Rag2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>\/Il2rg<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mice via intraperitoneal injection. Twelve weeks after the transfer, mice were sacrificed and evaluated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mice transferred with whole PBMC from SSc patients developed systemic inflammation in the lungs, kidneys, and liver, and 6 out of 11 mice died or had to be sacrificed during the experiment. By contrast, such inflammation and death were not observed in mice transferred with corresponding T or B cell-depleted PBMC. In line with this finding, transfer with whole PBMC restored the splenic white pulp composing of human T, B, and plasma cells and led to the production of a considerable amount of human autoantibodies in recipient mice, while those immunological features were rarely observed in mice that received T or B cell-depleted PBMC. In contrast to our previous findings demonstrating a transfer of the protective effect of a B cell therapy into the mouse, treatment of SSc patients with chemical immunosuppressive drugs did not affect the pathogenicity of PBMC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that both T and B cells are indispensable for the pathogenesis of the PBMC transfer-induced mouse model for SSc.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02896-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T05:04:34Z","timestamp":1661403874000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Both T and B cells are indispensable for the development of a PBMC transfer-induced humanized mouse model for SSc"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yaqing","family":"Shu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Wax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Kasper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junping","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjan","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Heidecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Lamprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Riemekasten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2896_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15002","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.2","volume":"1","author":"Y Allanore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Allanore Y, Simms R, Distler O, Trojanowska M, Pope J, Denton CP, et al. 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Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. All animal studies were approved by the Animal Research Ethics Board of the Ministry of Energy Change, Agriculture, Environment, Nature, and Digitalization, Kiel, Germany (Number: V 241 \u2013 50577\/2017 (108-8\/17), Date: 05\/10\/2017).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"HH is the owner and GR is an advisor of the company CellTrend, Germany, which produced the membrane extracts and the tests for the detection of anti-AT1R antibodies. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"209"}}