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Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to test baseline characteristics, treatment, and duration (at 6 and 12\u00a0months vs. only at 6 or 12\u00a0months vs. neither) of low BASDAI (&lt;\u20093), ASDAS-inactive disease (ID)(&lt;\u20091.3), and ASDAS-low disease activity (LDA) in predicting sustained low Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI)(&lt;\u20093) between 12 and 18\u00a0months. The adjusted impact of achieving low disease state at 6 and\/or 12\u00a0months on BASFI at 18\u00a0months was analyzed by generalized linear models.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Eight hundred ten patients were enrolled. 33.7%, 13.4%, and 24.7% achieved sustained low BASDAI, ASDAS-ID, and ASDAS-LDA, respectively. In univariable GEE of baseline variables, age and baseline BASDAI, BASFI, and ASDAS significantly predicted sustained low BASFI. In multivariable GEE, sustained low BASDAI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), low BASDAI only at 6 or 12\u00a0months (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), and baseline BASFI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) were the only predictors of sustained low BASFI. Sustained ASDAS-ID (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.040) and ASDAS-LDA (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) were also predictors when forced into the model. Similar results were obtained when evaluating the BASFI score at 18\u00a0months.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Sustained BASDAI\u2009&lt;\u20093 may be a valid and feasible target for a treat-to-target strategy in axSpA having function as treatment goal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03055-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T12:03:09Z","timestamp":1682683389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sustained low functional impairment in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA): which are the primary outcomes that should be targeted to achieve this?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Walter P.","family":"Maksymowych","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Inman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Bessette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Proton","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Rampakakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Odalis","family":"Asin-Milan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meagan","family":"Rachich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Marilise","family":"Marrache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allen J.","family":"Lehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"3055_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.015","volume":"48\u201349","author":"SP Raychaudhuri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raychaudhuri SP, Deodhar A. 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Ethics approval was obtained by a central Research Ethics Board (IRB Services, Ontario, Canada) for private practices and respective Research Ethics Boards for institutional sites. BioTRAC was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"WPM is Chief Medical Officer of CARE Arthritis Limited, has acted as a paid consultant\/participated in advisory boards for AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB; received research and\/or educational grants from AbbVie, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB; and received speaker fees from AbbVie, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB. RDI has acted as a consultant for Abbvie, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Sandoz\u00a0 LB has acted as a speaker, consultant, and researcher for Amgen, BMS, Janssen, UCB, AbbVie, Pfizer, Merck, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi. Speaker and consultant for Sandoz, Fresenius Kabi, and Teva. Consultant and researcher for Gilead. Researcher for Celgene. PR has received consulting fees from Abbott, AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, and Pfizer, and has also received research grants from Janssen and Novartis. ER is an employee at JSS Medical Research. OA-M, MR, AMM, and AJL are employees at Janssen Inc.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"70"}}