{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:03:44Z","timestamp":1793721824721,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Based on the results of existing observational studies, it can be found that the association between serum vitamin D levels and the risk of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome (SS) in humans is still controversial. Based on this situation, this study aimed to assess the causal relationship between serum vitamin D levels and SS by using the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics on serum vitamin D levels [sample size\u2009=\u2009417,580 (UK Biobank)] and SS [sample size\u2009=\u2009416,757 (cases\u2009=\u20092495, controls\u2009=\u2009414,262) (FinnGen)] were used. The bi-directional MR analysis was then used to assess possible causal relationships. The major analysis method of MR was performed using inverse-variance weighted (IVW), supplemented by MR-Egger and the weighted median approaches. In addition, sensitivity analyses were used to ensure the stability of the results, including Cochran\u2019s <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic> test, MR-PRESSO, MR-Egger intercept test, and the leave-one-out test.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The MR suggested that no significant causal effects of serum 25(OH)D levels on SS risks were observed [odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20090.9824; 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20090.7130 to 1.3538; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.9137]. Similarly, no evidence supported the causal effects of SS on serum vitamin D levels (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: 0.0076, 95% CI:\u2009\u2212\u20090.0031 to 0.0183; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.1640).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study found no obvious evidence that serum vitamin D level is causally associated with SS risks or vice versa. We call for larger sample size studies to further unravel the potential causal relationship and the exact mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03062-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T14:33:06Z","timestamp":1684161186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Serum vitamin D levels and Sjogren\u2019s syndrome: bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiran","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zemin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaoqiang","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingmin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3062_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39859","volume":"69","author":"CH Shiboski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shiboski CH, Shiboski SC, Seror R, Criswell LA, Labetoulle M, Lietman TM, et al. 2016 American College of Rheumatology\/European League against Rheumatism Classification Criteria for Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome: a consensus and data-driven methodology involving three international patient cohorts. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(1):35\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.39859.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3062_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2017.78.8.438","volume":"78","author":"I Thorne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thorne I, Sutcliffe N. Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2017;78(8):438\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/hmed.2017.78.8.438.","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"2","key":"3062_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2019.10.004","volume":"65","author":"O Bjordal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bjordal O, Norheim KB, R\u00f8dahl E, Jonsson R, Omdal R. Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and the eye. Surv Ophthalmol. 2020;65(2):119\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2019.10.004.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3062_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12349","volume":"21","author":"K Delli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Delli K, Dijkstra PU, Stel AJ, Bootsma H, Vissink A, Spijkervet FK. Diagnostic properties of ultrasound of major salivary glands in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: a meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2015;21(6):792\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/odi.12349.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3062_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-021-00728-6","volume":"22","author":"S Negrini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Negrini S, Emmi G, Greco M, Borro M, Sardanelli F, Murdaca G, et al. Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: a systemic autoimmune disease. Clin Exp Med. 2022;22(1):9\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10238-021-00728-6.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3062_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.6.554","volume":"61","author":"C Vitali","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Jonsson R, Moutsopoulos HM, Alexander EL, Carsons SE, et al. Classification criteria for Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: a revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(6):554\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.61.6.554.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"3062_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket349","volume":"53","author":"M Ramos-Casals","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zer\u00f3n P, Solans R, Camps MT, Casanovas A, Sope\u00f1a B, et al. Systemic involvement in primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome evaluated by the Eular-SS disease activity index: analysis of 921 Spanish patients (GEAS-SS Registry). Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53(2):321\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket349.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3062_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel155","volume":"46","author":"R Callaghan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Callaghan R, Prabu A, Allan RB, Clarke AE, Sutcliffe N, Pierre YS, et al. Direct healthcare costs and predictors of costs in patients with primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(1):105\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel155.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3062_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1009570","volume":"364","author":"CJ Rosen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rosen CJ. Clinical Practice. Vitamin D insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(3):248\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMcp1009570.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3062_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","volume":"357","author":"MF Holick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holick MF. Vitamin D Deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra070553.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3062_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.187","volume":"13","author":"T Olsson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olsson T, Barcellos LF, Alfredsson L. Interactions between genetic, lifestyle and environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;13(1):25\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.187.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3062_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12298","volume":"18","author":"\u015e Erten","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erten \u015e, \u015eahin A, Altuno\u011flu A, Gemcio\u011flu E, Koca C. Comparison of plasma vitamin D levels in patients with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and healthy subjects. Int J Rheum Dis. 2015;18(1):70\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1756-185X.12298.","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3062_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.05.018","volume":"39","author":"N Agmon-Levin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Agmon-Levin N, Kivity S, Tzioufas AG, L\u00f3pez Hoyos M, Rozman B, Efes I, et al. Low levels of vitamin-D are associated with neuropathy and lymphoma among patients with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. J Autoimmun. 2012;39(3):234\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.05.018.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"4","key":"3062_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.66.386","volume":"66","author":"CY Kuo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuo CY, Huang YC, Lin KJ, Tsai TY. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with severity of dry eye symptoms and primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2020;66(4):386\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3177\/jnsv.66.386.","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3062_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","volume":"32","author":"GD Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith GD, Ebrahim S. \u2018Mendelian Randomization\u2019: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(1):1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyg070.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3062_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh132","volume":"33","author":"GD Smith","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Mendelian randomization: prospects, potentials, and limitations. Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33(1):30\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyh132.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"3062_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17219","volume":"318","author":"CA Emdin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Emdin CA, Khera AV, Kathiresan S. Mendelian randomization. JAMA. 2017;318(19):1925\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.17219.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"3062_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-017-0128-6","volume":"4","author":"J Zheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng J, Baird D, Borges MC, Bowden J, Hemani G, Haycock P, et al. Recent developments in Mendelian randomization studies. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2017;4(4):330\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40471-017-0128-6.","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"issue":"16","key":"3062_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","volume":"326","author":"VW Skrivankova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skrivankova VW, Richmond RC, Woolf BAR, Yarmolinsky J, Davies NM, Swanson SA, et al. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using Mendelian randomization: the Strobe-MR statement. JAMA. 2021;326(16):1614\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.18236.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"3062_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0011-z","volume":"30","author":"S Burgess","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burgess S, Scott RA, Timpson NJ, Davey Smith G, Thompson SG, EPIC- InterAct Consortium. Using published data in Mendelian randomization: a blueprint for efficient identification of causal risk factors. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015;30(7):543\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-015-0011-z.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3062_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00622-7","volume":"35","author":"G Davey Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davey Smith G, Holmes MV, Davies NM, Ebrahim S. Mendel\u2019s laws, Mendelian randomization and causal inference in observational data: substantive and nomenclatural issues. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(2):99\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-020-00622-7.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3062_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sekula P, Del Greco MF, Pattaro C, K\u00f6ttgen A. Mendelian randomization as an approach to assess causality using observational data. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(11):3253\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/asn.2016010098.","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2016010098"},{"issue":"9822","key":"3062_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)60404-8","volume":"379","author":"R Collins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Collins R. What makes UK Biobank special? Lancet. 2012;379(9822):1173\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)60404-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"3062_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15421-7","volume":"11","author":"JA Revez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Revez JA, Lin T, Qiao Z, Xue A, Holtz Y, Zhu Z, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 143 loci associated with 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-15421-7.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3062_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurki MI, Karjalainen J, Palta P, Sipil\u00e4 TP, Kristiansson K, Donner K, et al. Finngen: unique genetic insights from combining isolated population and national health register data. medRxiv (2022):2022.03.03.22271360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.03.03.22271360.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.03.03.22271360"},{"issue":"22","key":"3062_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz469","volume":"35","author":"MA Kamat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kamat MA, Blackshaw JA, Young R, Surendran P, Burgess S, Danesh J, et al. Phenoscanner V2: an expanded tool for searching human genotype-phenotype associations. Bioinformatics. 2019;35(22):4851\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz469.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"3062_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr036","volume":"40","author":"S Burgess","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burgess S, Thompson SG, Collaboration CCG. Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):755\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyr036.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3062_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14389-8","volume":"11","author":"N Papadimitriou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Papadimitriou N, Dimou N, Tsilidis KK, Banbury B, Martin RM, Lewis SJ, et al. Physical activity and risks of breast and colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomisation analysis. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-14389-8.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"3062_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2307\/2171753","volume":"65","author":"D Staiger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Staiger D, Stock JH. Instrumental variables regression with weak instruments. Econometrica. 1997;65(3):557\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2171753.","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"3","key":"3062_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq151","volume":"40","author":"BL Pierce","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pierce BL, Ahsan H, Vanderweele TJ. Power and instrument strength requirements for Mendelian randomization studies using multiple genetic variants. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):740\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyq151.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3062_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt179","volume":"42","author":"MJ Brion","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brion MJ, Shakhbazov K, Visscher PM. Calculating statistical power in Mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(5):1497\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyt179.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3062_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","volume":"44","author":"J Bowden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyv080.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3062_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","volume":"40","author":"J Bowden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Haycock PC, Burgess S. Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet Epidemiol. 2016;40(4):304\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gepi.21965.","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3062_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy185","volume":"187","author":"J Bowden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bowden J, Hemani G, Davey SG. Invited commentary: Detecting individual and global horizontal pleiotropy in Mendelian randomization-a job for the humble heterogeneity statistic? Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(12):2681\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwy185.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3062_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.22207","volume":"43","author":"JS Ong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ong JS, MacGregor S. Implementing MR-PRESSO and GCTA-GSMR for pleiotropy assessment in Mendelian randomization studies from a practitioner\u2019s perspective. Genet Epidemiol. 2019;43(6):609\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gepi.22207.","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"3062_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hemani G, Zheng J, Elsworth B, Wade KH, Haberland V, Baird D, et al. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. Elife (2018) 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.34408.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408"},{"issue":"5","key":"3062_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","volume":"50","author":"M Verbanck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verbanck M, Chen C-Y, Neale B, Do R. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):693\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"3062_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.03.030","volume":"150","author":"S de Lusignan","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Lusignan S, Alexander H, Broderick C, Dennis J, McGovern A, Feeney C, et al. Atopic dermatitis and risk of autoimmune conditions: population-based cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;150(3):709\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.03.030.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"3062_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102364","volume":"110","author":"CP Mavragani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mavragani CP, Moutsopoulos HM. Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: old and new therapeutic targets. J Autoimmun. 2020;110:102364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102364.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"3062_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Godala M, Sewerynek E, Ma\u015blach D, Krzy\u017cak M, Gaszy\u0144ska E. Resting metabolic rate in women with endocrine and osteoporotic disorders in relation to nutritional status, diet and 25(OH)D concentration. Int J Environ Res Public Health (2022) 19(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19053118.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19053118"},{"issue":"2","key":"3062_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep374","volume":"49","author":"P Szodoray","year":"2010","unstructured":"Szodoray P, Horvath IF, Papp G, Barath S, Gyimesi E, Csathy L, et al. The immunoregulatory role of vitamins A, D and E in patients with primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49(2):211\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep374.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"3062_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.05.015","volume":"50","author":"S Hirsch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hirsch S, Skripuletz T, Seeliger T, Witte T, Thiele T. Selenium deficiency is associated with polyneuropathy in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 2022;50:212\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.05.015.","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition ESPEN"},{"key":"3062_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.S63898","volume":"7","author":"K Yin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yin K, Agrawal DK. Vitamin D and inflammatory diseases. J Inflamm Res. 2014;7:69\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jir.S63898.","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"3062_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa087","volume":"26","author":"Y Guzman-Prado","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guzman-Prado Y, Samson O, Segal JP, Limdi JK, Hayee B. Vitamin D therapy in adults with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020;26(12):1819\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ibd\/izaa087.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3062_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2021.09.003","volume":"83","author":"J Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang J, Shao M, Wu X. Vitamin D and risk of ankylosing spondylitis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Hum Immunol. 2022;83(1):81\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humimm.2021.09.003.","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3062_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.11.004","volume":"17","author":"Y Shoenfeld","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shoenfeld Y, Giacomelli R, Azrielant S, Berardicurti O, Reynolds JA, Bruce IN. Vitamin D and systemic lupus erythematosus - the hype and the hope. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17(1):19\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.11.004.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3062_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02253-5","volume":"22","author":"X Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang X, Alfredsson L. Modifiable environmental exposure and risk of rheumatoid arthritis-current evidence from genetic studies. Arthritis Res Ther. 2020;22(1):154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-020-02253-5.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"9304","key":"3062_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(02)07605-5","volume":"359","author":"KF Schulz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Case-control studies: research in reverse. Lancet. 2002;359(9304):431\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(02)07605-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9422","key":"3062_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(04)16260-0","volume":"363","author":"DA Lawlor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Kundu D, Bruckdorfer KR, Ebrahim S. Those confounded vitamins: what can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence? Lancet. 2004;363(9422):1724\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(04)16260-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-023-03062-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-023-03062-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-023-03062-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T14:38:31Z","timestamp":1684161511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13075-023-03062-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-023-03062-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Data were collected from public databases. And there is no ethical approval necessary.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"79"}}