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Outcomes including pain, frequency and intensity of gout flares, inflammation, and safety were assessed. Five electronic databases (Pubmed\/Medline, Embase, Biosis\/Ovid, Web of Science and Cochrane Library) were searched. Two independent reviewers performed study screening, data extraction and risk of bias assessments (Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2 for randomised controlled trials [RCTs] and Downs and Black for non-RCTs). Data are reported as a narrative synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fourteen studies (10 RCTs) met the inclusion criteria, with canakinumab, anakinra, and rilonacept being the three included IL-1\u03b2 inhibitors. A total of 4367 patients with a history of gout were included from the 14 studies (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093446, RCTs; <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009159, retrospective studies [with a history of gout]; <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009762, post hoc analysis [with a history of gout]). In the RCTs, canakinumab and rilonacept were reported to have a better response compared to an active comparator for resolving pain, while anakinra appeared to be not inferior to an active comparator for resolving pain. Furthermore, canakinumab and rilonacept reduced the frequency of gout flares compared to the comparators. All three medications were mostly well-tolerated compared to their comparators.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>IL-1\u03b2 inhibitors may be a beneficial and safe medication for patients experiencing gout flares for whom current standard therapies are unsuitable.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Review protocol registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PROSPERO ID: CRD42021267670.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03098-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T09:02:39Z","timestamp":1690275759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Interleukin-1\u03b2 inhibitors for the management of acute gout flares: a systematic literature review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Naomi","family":"Schlesinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Pillinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee S.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter E.","family":"Lipsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3098_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40807","volume":"71","author":"M Chen-Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen-Xu M, Yokose C, Rai SK, Pillinger MH, Choi HK. 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MHP has served as a consultant to Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, Horizon Therapeutics, and Fortress Biotech and holds investigator-initiated grants for unrelated investigations from Hikma Pharmaceuticals and Horizon Therapeutics. LSS has financial relationships with Abbott, Abraxxis, AcelRx, Affinergy, Agenus, Alpha Rx, Alder, Alimera, Altea, Analgesic Solutions, Antares, Anthera, Array, Asahi, AstraZeneca, Avanir, Bayer, CaloSyn, Cephalon, Cerimon, Daiichi Sankyo, Dara, Dr. Reddy\u2019s, DURECT, Eicos Sciences, Eli Lilly and Company, EMD Serono, Eupraxia, Extera, Fidelity, Flexion, Forest, Genco, Genzyme, Gilead, Hisamatsu, Horizon, Idera, Imprimis, Inmedix, Inotek, Jazz, JP Morgan, JRX Biopharm, Kiniksa, Knopp, Kowa, Leerink Swann, Luxor, Medac, Metabolex, Neos, Nomura, Novartis, NuvoResearch, Omeros, Parexel, Pfizer, PLx Pharma, Pozen, Proprius, pSivida, Purdue, Regeneron, Remedy, Rigel, Roche, Sammuded, Sandoz, Sanofi, Shire, Takeda, Talagen, Teva, TiGenix, Vical, Wyeth and XTL. PEL is an employee of AMPEL BioSolutions and has received consultant fees from Horizon Therapeutics.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"128"}}