{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:41:57Z","timestamp":1787902917593,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81701722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701722"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007956","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["XZR2020094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZR2020094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We attempted to identify abnormal immune cell components and signaling pathways in lupus nephritis (LN) and to identify potential therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between LN and normal kidney tissues were identified from bulk transcriptome data, and functional annotation was performed. The phenotypic changes in macrophages and aberrant intercellular signaling communications within immune cells were imputed from LN scRNA-seq data using trajectory analysis and verified using immunofluorescence staining. Finally, lentivirus-mediated overexpression of LGALS9, the gene encoding Galectin 9, in THP-1 cells was used to study the functional effect of this gene on monocytic cells.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>From bulk transcriptome data, a significant activation of interferon (IFN) signaling was observed, and its intensity showed a significantly positive correlation with the abundance of infiltrating macrophages in LN. Analysis of scRNA-seq data revealed 17 immune cell clusters, with macrophages showing the highest enrichment of intercellular signal communication in LN. Trajectory analysis revealed macrophages in LN undergo a phenotypic change from inflammatory patrolling macrophages to phagocytic and then to antigen-presenting macrophages, and secrete various pro-inflammatory factors and complement components. LGALS9 was found significantly upregulated in macrophages in LN, which was confirmed by the immunofluorescence assay. Gene functional study showed that LGALS9 overexpression in THP-1 cells significantly elicited pro-inflammatory activation, releasing multiple immune cell chemoattractants.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results present an important pathophysiological role for macrophages in LN, and our preliminary results demonstrate significant pro-inflammatory effects of LGALS9 gene in LN macrophages.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-024-03311-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T08:02:03Z","timestamp":1712908923000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptome data reveal the significant role of macrophages in lupus nephritis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shuping","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yidan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunrui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoushan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongliang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3311_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912196","volume":"382","author":"EF Morand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morand EF, Furie R, Tanaka Y, Bruce IN, Askanase AD, Richez C, Bae SC, Brohawn PZ, Pineda L, Berglind A, et al. Trial of Anifrolumab in active systemic Lupus Erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(3):211\u201321.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9767","key":"3311_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61354-2","volume":"377","author":"SV Navarra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Navarra SV, Guzman RM, Gallacher AE, Hall S, Levy RA, Jimenez RE, Li EK, Thomas M, Kim HY, Leon MG, et al. Efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9767):721\u201331.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"3311_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxaa017","volume":"32","author":"S Kang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang S, Kumanogoh A. The spectrum of macrophage activation by immunometabolism. Int Immunol. 2020;32(7):467\u201373.","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3311_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009060615","volume":"22","author":"S Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee S, Huen S, Nishio H, Nishio S, Lee HK, Choi BS, Ruhrberg C, Cantley LG. Distinct macrophage phenotypes contribute to kidney injury and repair. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(2):317\u201326.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3311_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.015","volume":"44","author":"TA Wynn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wynn TA, Vannella KM. Macrophages in tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis. Immunity. 2016;44(3):450\u201362.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"3311_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00113.x","volume":"61","author":"CD Cohen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cohen CD, Frach K, Schlondorff D, Kretzler M. Quantitative gene expression analysis in renal biopsies: a novel protocol for a high-throughput multicenter application. Kidney Int. 2002;61(1):133\u201340.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"3311_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103031","volume":"189","author":"CC Berthier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berthier CC, Bethunaickan R, Gonzalez-Rivera T, Nair V, Ramanujam M, Zhang W, Bottinger EP, Segerer S, Lindenmeyer M, Cohen CD, et al. Cross-species transcriptional network analysis defines shared inflammatory responses in murine and human lupus nephritis. J Immunol. 2012;189(2):988\u20131001.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3311_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0398-x","volume":"20","author":"A Arazi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arazi A, Rao DA, Berthier CC, Davidson A, Liu Y, Hoover PJ, Chicoine A, Eisenhaure TM, Jonsson AH, Li S, et al. The immune cell landscape in kidneys of patients with lupus nephritis. Nat Immunol. 2019;20(7):902\u201314.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3311_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108525","volume":"33","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Lu P, Deng Y, Wen L, Wang Y, Ma X, Wang Z, Wu L, Hong Q, Duan S, et al. Single-cell Transcriptomics Reveal Immune mechanisms of the Onset and Progression of IgA Nephropathy. Cell Rep. 2020;33(12):108525.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"3311_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018020125","volume":"29","author":"H Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu H, Malone AF, Donnelly EL, Kirita Y, Uchimura K, Ramakrishnan SM, Gaut JP, Humphreys BD. Single-cell transcriptomics of a human kidney allograft Biopsy Specimen defines a diverse inflammatory response. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(8):2069\u201380.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"7970","key":"3311_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05769-3","volume":"619","author":"BB Lake","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lake BB, Menon R, Winfree S, Hu Q, Melo Ferreira R, Kalhor K, Barwinska D, Otto EA, Ferkowicz M, Diep D, et al. An atlas of healthy and injured cell states and niches in the human kidney. Nature. 2023;619(7970):585\u201394.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3311_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687975","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.687975","volume":"12","author":"D Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng D, Ye Z, Shen R, Yu G, Wu J, Xiong Y, Zhou R, Qiu W, Huang N, Sun L, et al. IOBR: Multi-omics Immuno-Oncology Biological Research to Decode Tumor Microenvironment and signatures. Front Immunol. 2021;12:687975.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"3311_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Racle J, de Jonge K, Baumgaertner P, Speiser DE, Gfeller D. Simultaneous enumeration of cancer and immune cell types from bulk tumor gene expression data. Elife 2017, 6.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.26476"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3311_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.12.033","volume":"160","author":"MS Rooney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rooney MS, Shukla SA, Wu CJ, Getz G, Hacohen N. Molecular and genetic properties of tumors associated with local immune cytolytic activity. Cell. 2015;160(1\u20132):48\u201361.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"3311_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI91190","volume":"127","author":"M Ayers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ayers M, Lunceford J, Nebozhyn M, Murphy E, Loboda A, Kaufman DR, Albright A, Cheng JD, Kang SP, Shankaran V, et al. IFN-gamma-related mRNA profile predicts clinical response to PD-1 blockade. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(8):2930\u201340.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"3311_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21246-9","volume":"12","author":"S Jin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin S, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Zhang L, Chang I, Ramos R, Kuan CH, Myung P, Plikus MV, Nie Q. Inference and analysis of cell-cell communication using CellChat. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1088.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"3311_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4772-0","volume":"19","author":"K Street","year":"2018","unstructured":"Street K, Risso D, Fletcher RB, Das D, Ngai J, Yosef N, Purdom E, Dudoit S. Slingshot: cell lineage and pseudotime inference for single-cell transcriptomics. BMC Genomics. 2018;19(1):477.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"3311_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747339","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2020.1747339","volume":"9","author":"Q Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin Q, Tao P, Wang J, Ma L, Jiang Q, Li J, Zhang G, Liu J, Zhang Y, Hou Y, et al. Tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structure predicts postoperative outcomes in patients with primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Oncoimmunology. 2020;9(1):1747339.","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"3311_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie P, Yu H, Wang F, Yan F, He X. Inhibition of LOXL2 Enhances the Radiosensitivity of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells Associated with the Reversal of the EMT Process. Biomed Res Int 2019, 2019:4012590.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4012590"},{"issue":"6","key":"3311_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221835","volume":"81","author":"F Chasset","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chasset F, Mathian A, Dorgham K, Ribi C, Trendelenburg M, Huynh-Do U, Roux-Lombard P, Courvoisier DS, Amoura Z, Gorochov G, et al. Serum interferon-alpha levels and IFN type I-stimulated genes score perform equally to assess systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81(6):901\u20133.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3311_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3337","volume":"12","author":"AM Newman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Newman AM, Liu CL, Green MR, Gentles AJ, Feng W, Xu Y, Hoang CD, Diehn M, Alizadeh AA. Robust enumeration of cell subsets from tissue expression profiles. Nat Methods. 2015;12(5):453\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"11","key":"3311_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.038","volume":"184","author":"A Obradovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Obradovic A, Chowdhury N, Haake SM, Ager C, Wang V, Vlahos L, Guo XV, Aggen DH, Rathmell WK, Jonasch E, et al. Single-cell protein activity analysis identifies recurrence-associated renal tumor macrophages. Cell. 2021;184(11):2988\u2013e30052916.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3311_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607622","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.607622","volume":"10","author":"B Xiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiao B, Liu L, Li A, Xiang C, Wang P, Li H, Xiao T. Identification and Verification of Immune-related gene prognostic signature based on ssGSEA for Osteosarcoma. Front Oncol. 2020;10:607622.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3311_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbv069","volume":"17","author":"Y Rahmatallah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rahmatallah Y, Emmert-Streib F, Glazko G. Gene set analysis approaches for RNA-seq data: performance evaluation and application guideline. Brief Bioinform. 2016;17(3):393\u2013407.","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"issue":"35","key":"3311_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5172","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606253113","volume":"113","author":"M Finsterbusch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Finsterbusch M, Hall P, Li A, Devi S, Westhorpe CL, Kitching AR, Hickey MJ. Patrolling monocytes promote intravascular neutrophil activation and glomerular injury in the acutely inflamed glomerulus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(35):E5172\u20135181.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3311_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)01111-6","volume":"554","author":"K Kowanetz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kowanetz K, Terzic J, Dikic I. Dab2 links CIN85 with clathrin-mediated receptor internalization. FEBS Lett. 2003;554(1\u20132):81\u20137.","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"3311_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890410033171","volume":"36","author":"SK Moestrup","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moestrup SK, Moller HJ. CD163: a regulated hemoglobin scavenger receptor with a role in the anti-inflammatory response. Ann Med. 2004;36(5):347\u201354.","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"3311_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00230","volume":"7","author":"HJ Hulsebus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hulsebus HJ, O\u2019Conner SD, Smith EM, Jie C, Bohlson SS. Complement component C1q programs a pro-efferocytic phenotype while limiting TNFalpha production in primary mouse and human macrophages. Front Immunol. 2016;7:230.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"6513","key":"3311_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb3753","volume":"370","author":"A Bruchez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bruchez A, Sha K, Johnson J, Chen L, Stefani C, McConnell H, Gaucherand L, Prins R, Matreyek KA, Hume AJ, et al. MHC class II transactivator CIITA induces cell resistance to Ebola virus and SARS-like coronaviruses. Science. 2020;370(6513):241\u20137.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3311_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034219","volume":"79","author":"SC Huen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huen SC, Cantley LG. Macrophages in Renal Injury and Repair. Annu Rev Physiol. 2017;79:449\u201369.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3311_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.003","volume":"221","author":"Z Qin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Qin Z. The use of THP-1 cells as a model for mimicking the function and regulation of monocytes and macrophages in the vasculature. Atherosclerosis. 2012;221(1):2\u201311.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3311_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.08.002","volume":"23","author":"W Chanput","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chanput W, Mes JJ, Wichers HJ. THP-1 cell line: an in vitro cell model for immune modulation approach. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014;23(1):37\u201345.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"3311_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Y, Yan C, Yu L, Zhang X, Shang J, Fan J, Zhang R, Ren J, Duan X. The star target in SLE: IL-17. Inflamm Res 2022.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01674-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"3311_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06024.x","volume":"95","author":"H Kanno","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kanno H, Tachiwaki O, Nose M, Kyogoku M. Immune complex-degradation ability of macrophages in MRL\/Mp-lpr\/lpr lupus mice and its regulation by cytokines. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994;95(1):115\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3311_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13098","volume":"193","author":"S Alivernini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alivernini S, Tolusso B, Ferraccioli G, Gremese E, Kurowska-Stolarska M, McInnes IB. Driving chronicity in rheumatoid arthritis: perpetuating role of myeloid cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 2018;193(1):13\u201323.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3311_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2003.10.019","volume":"36","author":"M Maurer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Maurer M, von Stebut E. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004;36(10):1882\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"3311_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155640","volume":"146","author":"S Ghafouri-Fard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghafouri-Fard S, Shahir M, Taheri M, Salimi A. A review on the role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Cytokine. 2021;146:155640.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"1","key":"3311_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00492.x","volume":"59","author":"GS Hill","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hill GS, Delahousse M, Nochy D, Remy P, Mignon F, Mery JP, Bariety J. Predictive power of the second renal biopsy in lupus nephritis: significance of macrophages. Kidney Int. 2001;59(1):304\u201316.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"3311_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1391","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00318.2013","volume":"305","author":"AJ Kassianos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kassianos AJ, Wang X, Sampangi S, Muczynski K, Healy H, Wilkinson R. Increased tubulointerstitial recruitment of human CD141(hi) CLEC9A(+) and CD1c(+) myeloid dendritic cell subsets in renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2013;305(10):F1391\u20131401.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3311_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0110-2","volume":"15","author":"PM Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang PM, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Lan HY. Macrophages: versatile players in renal inflammation and fibrosis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019;15(3):144\u201358.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"26","key":"3311_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15160","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000943117","volume":"117","author":"C Jing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jing C, Castro-Dopico T, Richoz N, Tuong ZK, Ferdinand JR, Lok LSC, Loudon KW, Banham GD, Mathews RJ, Cader Z, et al. Macrophage metabolic reprogramming presents a therapeutic target in lupus nephritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(26):15160\u201371.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7","key":"3311_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11269","volume":"3","author":"A Davidson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davidson A. Renal mononuclear phagocytes in Lupus Nephritis. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2021;3(7):442\u201350.","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3311_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.06.016","volume":"6","author":"C Cantarelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cantarelli C, Leventhal J, Cravedi P. Complement in Lupus: Biomarker, Therapeutic Target, or a little bit of both? Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6(8):2031\u20132.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"3311_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019121326","volume":"31","author":"T Turner-Stokes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Turner-Stokes T, Garcia Diaz A, Pinheiro D, Prendecki M, McAdoo SP, Roufosse C, Cook HT, Pusey CD, Woollard KJ. Live imaging of Monocyte subsets in Immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis reveals distinct phenotypes and Effector functions. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(11):2523\u201342.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3311_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3712","volume":"14","author":"M Guilliams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guilliams M, Ginhoux F, Jakubzick C, Naik SH, Onai N, Schraml BU, Segura E, Tussiwand R, Yona S. Dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages: a unified nomenclature based on ontogeny. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14(8):571\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-024-03311-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-024-03311-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-024-03311-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T09:09:59Z","timestamp":1712912999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13075-024-03311-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-024-03311-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was a retrospective analysis, and thus, the informed consent were waived. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Drum Tower Hospital after ethical review (No.2022-259-02).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have read the manuscript in its entirety and agree to its publication with currently content.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"84"}}