{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T08:18:30Z","timestamp":1793089110579,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032396","name":"Maritime SPOR SUPPORT Unit","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024-3509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-3509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["167902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["167902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["181869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["181869"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007670","name":"Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007670","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-025-03651-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T09:19:50Z","timestamp":1760519990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u201cI\u2019m in pain, and I\u2019m not faking it\u201d: A qualitative exploration of the reactions of youth with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and their caregivers to pain-related stigma"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4486-5887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blair N.","family":"Irish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7138-916X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine T.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8928-7647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justine","family":"Dol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9900-4703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6616-1689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam M.","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7621-4740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne N.","family":"Brandelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devyn","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Brause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"3651_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini A, Lovell DJ, Albani S, Brunner HI, Hyrich KL, Thompson SD, et al. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2022;8:1:5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00332-8"},{"key":"3651_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2013.09.003","volume":"81","author":"S Thierry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thierry S, Fautrel B, Lemelle I, Guillemin F. Prevalence and incidence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic review. Joint Bone Spine. 2014;81:2:112\u20137.","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"3651_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)00110-3","volume":"73","author":"LE Schanberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schanberg LE, Lefebvre JC, Keefe FJ, Kredich DW, Gil KM. Pain coping and the pain experience in children with juvenile chronic arthritis. Pain. 1997;73:2:181\u20139.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"3651_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21850","volume":"65","author":"SM Tupper","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tupper SM, Rosenberg AM, Pahwa P, Stinson JN. Pain intensity variability and its relationship with quality of life in youths with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2013;65:4:563\u201370.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"3651_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38223","volume":"66","author":"MH Bromberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bromberg MH, Connelly M, Anthony KK, Gil KM, Schanberg LE. Self-reported pain and disease symptoms persist in juvenile idiopathic arthritis despite treatment advances: an electronic diary study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66:2:462\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"3651_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandelli YN, Chambers CT, Mackinnon SP, Parker JA, Huber AM, Stinson JN, et al. A systematic review of the psychosocial factors associated with pain in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2023;21:57.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-023-00828-5"},{"key":"3651_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9121683","volume":"9","author":"AJ Garner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garner AJ, Saatchi R, Ward O, Hawley DP. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A review of novel diagnostic and monitoring technologies. Healthcare. 2021;9:12:1683.","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"3651_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21695","volume":"64","author":"A Tong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tong A, Jones J, Craig JC, Singh-Grewal D. Children\u2019s experiences of living with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. Arthritis Care Res. 2012;64:9:1392\u2013404.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"3651_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oommen PT, Strauss T, Baltruschat K, Foeldvari I, Deuter C, Ganser G, et al. Update of evidence- and consensus-based guidelines for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) by the German society of pediatric and juvenile rheumatic diseases (GKJR): new perspectives on interdisciplinary care. Clin Immunol. 2022;245:109143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109143"},{"key":"3651_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22104","volume":"55","author":"KT April","year":"2006","unstructured":"April KT, Feldman DE, Platt RW, Duffy CM. Comparison between children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and their parents concerning perceived treatment adherence. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;55:4:558\u201363.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"3651_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1136\/medhum-2016-011133","volume":"43","author":"DS Goldberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goldberg DS. Pain, objectivity and history: Understanding pain stigma. Med Humanit. 2017;43:4:238\u201343.","journal-title":"Med Humanit"},{"key":"3651_CR12","volume-title":"Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity","author":"E Goffman","year":"1963","unstructured":"Goffman E. Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc.; 1963."},{"key":"3651_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137","volume":"56","author":"B Major","year":"2005","unstructured":"Major B, O\u2019Brien LT. The social psychology of stigma. Annu Rev Psychol. 2005;56:393\u2013421.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"3651_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190243470.001.0001","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of stigma, discrimination, and health","author":"B Major","year":"2018","unstructured":"Major B, Dovidio JF, Link BG. The Oxford handbook of stigma, discrimination, and health. New York: Oxford University Press; 2018."},{"key":"3651_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsac092","volume":"48","author":"EO Wakefield","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wakefield EO, Belamkar V, Sandoval A, Puhl RM, Edelheit B, Zempsky WT, et al. Does diagnostic certainty matter?: Pain-related stigma in adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Pediatr Psychol. 2023;48:4:341\u201351.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"3651_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.05.006","volume":"23","author":"DJ Bean","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bean DJ, Dryland A, Rashid U, Tuck NL. The determinants and effects of chronic pain stigma: A mixed methods study and the development of a model. J Pain. 2022;23:10:1749\u201364.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"3651_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000512","volume":"157","author":"L De Ruddere","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Ruddere L, Craig KD. Understanding stigma and chronic pain: a-state-of-the-art review. Pain. 2016;157:8:1607\u201310.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"3651_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000553","volume":"34","author":"SR Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin SR, Cohen LL, Mougianis I, Griffin A, Sil S, Dampier C. Stigma and pain in adolescents hospitalized for sickle cell vasoocclusive pain episodes. Clin J Pain. 2018;34:5:438\u201344.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"3651_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000381","volume":"38","author":"EO Wakefield","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wakefield EO, Popp JM, Dale LP, Santanelli JP, Pantaleao A, Zempsky WT. Perceived Racial bias and health-related stigma among youth with sickle cell disease. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2017;38:2:129\u201334.","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"3651_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsad048","volume":"48","author":"NR Boileau","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boileau NR, Thompson-Phillips KA, Goodin BR, Lynch-Milder MK, Evans CT, Adetayo T, et al. Pain-related stigma and its associations with clinical and experimental pain severity in youth with chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions. J Pediatr Psychol. 2023;48:10:842\u201351.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"3651_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e679","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000679","volume":"3","author":"EO Wakefield","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wakefield EO, Zempsky WT, Puhl RM, Litt MD. Conceptualizing pain-related stigma in adolescent chronic pain: a literature review and preliminary focus group findings. Pain Rep. 2018;3(Suppl 1):e679.","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"3651_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Case A, Praxson C. Parental behavior and child health. Health Aff. 2002;21:2:164-78.","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.21.2.164"},{"key":"3651_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24735","volume":"7411","author":"YN Brandelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brandelli YN, Tutelman PR, Chambers CT, Parker JA, Stinson JN, Huber AM, et al. \"Every little furrow of her brow makes me want to stop\": an interpretative phenomenologic analysis of mothers\u2019 experiences with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treatments. Arthritis Care Res. 2022;74:11:1761\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"3651_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-240X(200008)23:4<334::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"23","author":"M Sandelowski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sandelowski M. Whatever happened to qualitative description? Res Nurs Health. 2000;23:4:334\u201340.","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"3651_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20362","volume":"33","author":"M Sandelowski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sandelowski M. What\u2019s in a name? Qualitative description revisited. Res Nurs Health. 2010;33:1:77\u201384.","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"3651_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","volume":"19","author":"A Tong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19:6:349\u201357.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"3651_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsae100","volume":"50","author":"YN Brandelli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brandelli YN, Mackinnon SP, Chambers CT, Parker JA, Huber AM, Stinson JN, et al. Understanding the role of perfectionism in contributing to internalizing symptoms in youth with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Pediatr Psychol. 2025;50:2:175\u201386.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"3651_CR28","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Adolescent Health. 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/. Accessed 12 May 2025."},{"key":"3651_CR29","unstructured":"Piaget J. The theory of stages of cognitive development. In: Green DR, Ford MP, Flamer GB, editors. Measurement and Piaget. McGraw-Hill; 1971."},{"key":"3651_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3389\/fnevo.2010.00109","volume":"2","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen S, Golan O, Wheelwright S, Granader Y, Hill J. Emotion word comprehension from 4 to 16 years old: A developmental survey. Front Evol Neurosci. 2010;2:109\u2013109.","journal-title":"Front Evol Neurosci"},{"key":"3651_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-10-113","volume":"10","author":"A Gulliver","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gulliver A, Griffiths KM, Christensen H. Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:113\u2013113.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"3651_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. To saturate or not to saturate? Questioning data saturation as a useful concept for thematic analysis and sample-size rationales. Qual Res Sport Exer Health. 2019;13:2:201-16.","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1704846"},{"key":"3651_CR33","unstructured":"Cassie and Friends. 2025. Accessed 12 May 2025. https:\/\/cassieandfriends.ca\/"},{"key":"3651_CR34","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information. Racialized group stratifier: Guidance on measuring and reporting inequalities. 2022. https:\/\/www.cihi.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/measuring-health-inequalities-toolkit-racialized-group-stratifier-en.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2025."},{"key":"3651_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001377","volume":"160","author":"KA Birnie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Birnie KA, Hundert AS, Lalloo C, Nguyen C, Stinson JN. Recommendations for selection of self-report pain intensity measures in children and adolescents: a systematic review and quality assessment of measurement properties. Pain. 2019;160:1:5\u201318.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"3651_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2954","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13031","volume":"72","author":"H Kallio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kallio H, Pietil\u00e4 AM, Johnson M, Kangasniemi M. Systematic methodological review: developing a framework for a qualitative semi-structured interview guide. J Adv Nurs. 2016;72:12:2954\u201365.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"3651_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic analysis: A practical guide. Sage; 2022.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69909-7_3470-2"},{"key":"3651_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806","volume":"11","author":"V Braun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qual Res Sport Exer Health. 2019;11:4:589\u201397.","journal-title":"Qual Res Sport Exer Health"},{"key":"3651_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3:2:77\u2013101.","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"3651_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305285708","volume":"16","author":"T Farmer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Farmer T, Robinson K, Elliott SJ, Eyles J. Developing and implementing a triangulation protocol for qualitative health research. Qual Health Res. 2006;16:3:377\u201394.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"3651_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1177\/104973230201200611","volume":"12","author":"JB Averill","year":"2002","unstructured":"Averill JB. Matrix analysis as a complementary analytic strategy in qualitative inquiry. Qual Health Res. 2002;12:6:855\u201366.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"3651_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/10510974.2018.1462224","volume":"69","author":"L Ramos Salazar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ramos Salazar L. The effect of patient self-advocacy on patient satisfaction: exploring self-compassion as a mediator. Comm Stud. 2018;69:5:567\u201382.","journal-title":"Comm Stud"},{"key":"3651_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1188\/17.ONF.52-59","volume":"44","author":"TH Hagan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hagan TH, Rosenzweig MQ, Zorn KK, van Londen GJ, Donovan HS. Perspectives on self-advocacy: comparing perceived uses, benefits, and drawbacks among survivors and providers. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2017;44:1:52\u20139.","journal-title":"Oncol Nurs Forum"},{"key":"3651_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke M, Cheung WC, Fulton K, Fettig A. Examining similarities and differences in parent advocacy during early intervention and school services. Exceptionality. 2024;33:2:92\u2013105.","DOI":"10.1080\/09362835.2024.2396104"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"3651_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-4300P","volume":"141","author":"V Paradiz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paradiz V, Kelso S, Nelson A, Earl A. Essential self-advocacy and transition. Pediatrics. 2018;141(Suppl 4):373\u20137.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3651_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negarandeh R, Oskouie F, Ahmadi F, Nikravesh M, Rahm Hallberg I. Patient advocacy: barriers and facilitators. BMC Nurs. 2006;5:3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6955-5-3"},{"key":"3651_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198237907.001.0001","volume-title":"Epistemic injustice: power and the ethics of knowing","author":"M Fricker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fricker M. Epistemic injustice: power and the ethics of knowing. New York: Oxford University Press; 2007."},{"key":"3651_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/02691728.2013.782585","volume":"28","author":"K Dotson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dotson K. Conceptualizing epistemic oppression. Soc Epistemol. 2014;28:2:115\u201338.","journal-title":"Soc Epistemol"},{"key":"3651_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61759-1","volume":"384","author":"H Carel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carel H, Gy\u00f6rffy G. Seen but not heard: children and epistemic injustice. Lancet. 2014;384:9950:1256\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3651_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartley C, Penlington C. \u2018I will fight for people to not have the experience I\u2019ve had\u2019: A thematic analysis of the experiences and perspectives of chronic pain lived experience advocates. Qual Health Res. 2023;33:11:995-1004.","DOI":"10.1177\/10497323231188639"},{"key":"3651_CR51","unstructured":"The Canadian Pain Task Force. An action plan for pain in Canada. 2021. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/corporate\/about-health-canada\/public-engagement\/external-advisory-bodies\/canadian-pain-task-force\/report-2021.html#_Toc67582193. Accessed 12 May 2025."},{"key":"3651_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-017-1341-9","volume":"52","author":"PC Gronholm","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gronholm PC, Henderson C, Deb T, Thornicroft G. Interventions to reduce discrimination and stigma: the state of the Art. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017;52:3:249\u201358.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"3651_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-017-0831-x","volume":"9","author":"AJ Vigna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vigna AJ, Poehlmann-Tynan J, Koenig BW. Does self-compassion facilitate resilience to stigma? A school-based study of sexual and gender minority youth. Mindfulness. 2018;9:3:914\u201324.","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"3651_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/17579139221136725","volume":"144","author":"R Kaur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaur R, Sinha A. Perceived stigma among diabetic patients and their caregivers: a review. Perspect Public Health. 2024;144:4:242\u201350.","journal-title":"Perspect Public Health"},{"key":"3651_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666275","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.666275","volume":"12","author":"EO Wakefield","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wakefield EO, Puhl RM, Litt MD, Zempsky WT. \u2018If it ever really hurts, I try not to let them know\u2019: the use of concealment as a coping strategy among adolescents with chronic pain. Front Psychol. 2021;12:666275.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3651_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2154","volume":"28","author":"F Daenen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Daenen F, Baert F, McParland J, Trost Z, Schillemans A, Tanghe A, et al. Child appraisals of injustice in the context of acute and chronic pain: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Eur J Pain. 2024;28:1:54\u201369.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"3651_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/01973533.2012.746599","volume":"15","author":"NM Overstreet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Overstreet NM, Quinn DM. The intimate partner violence stigmatization model and barriers to help-seeking. Basic Appl Soc Psychol. 2013;35:1:109\u201322.","journal-title":"Basic Appl Soc Psychol"},{"key":"3651_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearl RL, Li Y, Groshon LC, Hernandez M, Saunders D, Sheynblyum M, et al. Measuring internalized health-related stigma across health conditions: development and validation of the I-HEARTS scale. BMC Med. 2024;22:1:435.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03661-z"},{"key":"3651_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab001","volume":"22","author":"MM Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller MM, Rumble DD, Hirsh AT, Vervoort T, Crosby LE, Madan-Swain A, et al. Pain-related injustice appraisals in youth with sickle cell disease: a preliminary investigation. Pain Med. 2021;22:10:2207\u201317.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"3651_CR60","volume-title":"Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers","author":"J Lewis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lewis J, Ritchie J, Ormston R, Morrell G. Generalising from qualitative research. In: Ritchie J, Lewis J, McNaughton Nicholls C, Ormston R, editors. Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. 2nd ed. London: SAGE; 2014.","edition":"2"},{"key":"3651_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crago MA, Wilson JM, Overstreet D, Thomas PA, Quinn T, Goodin BR, et al. The intersectionality of Racial discrimination and chronic pain stigma among patients with chronic low back pain. J Pain. 2024;25:4.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.01.291"},{"key":"3651_CR62","unstructured":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Frequently asked questions about the self-identification questionnaire. 2022. https:\/\/cihr-irsc.gc.ca\/e\/50958.html. Accessed 12 May 2025."},{"key":"3651_CR63","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Market income, government transfers, total income, income tax and after-tax income by economic family type. 2025. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/t1\/tbl1\/en\/tv.action?pid=1110019001. Accessed 29 July 2025."},{"key":"3651_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis KA, Brooks S, Carrasco R, Carter P, Garcia A, Chiou J, et al. Best practices for recruitment of adolescents for biobanking and precision health research: a retrospective analysis comparing juvenile idiopathic arthritis cases with healthy controls. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2021;19:169.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-021-00652-9"},{"key":"3651_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonevski B, Randell M, Paul C, Chapman K, Twyman L, Bryant J, et al. Reaching the hard-to-reach: a systematic review of strategies for improving health and medical research with socially disadvantaged groups. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:42.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-42"},{"key":"3651_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.12951","volume":"23","author":"LE Vat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vat LE, Finlay T, Jan Schuitmaker-Warnaar T, Fahy N, Robinson P, Boudes M, et al. Evaluating the \u2018return on patient engagement initiatives\u2019 in medicines research and development: a literature review. Health Expect. 2020;23:1:5\u201318.","journal-title":"Health Expect"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-025-03651-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-025-03651-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-025-03651-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:03:59Z","timestamp":1760522639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13075-025-03651-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-025-03651-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by IWK Health\u2019s Research Ethics Board (#1031003). Participants initially provided informed consent online, followed by verbal informed consent at the start of the virtual interviews.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"191"}}