{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T13:00:36Z","timestamp":1781614836864,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Freiburg"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated whether cartilage composition and thickness and its change over time were associated with future intermittent and constant knee pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Osteoarthritis Initiative participants with 3T MRI scans from baseline to 36-month visits were selected. Outcomes were Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP) scores in the right knee at the 48-month visit (0 to 100\u2009=\u2009highest pain). We measured T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      values and cartilage thickness in 5 regions in the right knee from baseline to 36-months using deep-learning-based segmentation. Associations between baseline and change in cartilage biomarkers with pain scores were tested using adjusted logistic and linear regression models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 3780 included participants, 1042(28%) had symptomatic knee OA in any knee at baseline. At 48 months, 1671(44%) had intermittent and 265(7%) constant pain in the right knee. Odds for having intermittent knee pain increased with longer baseline T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      values in medial and lateral femoral cartilage (OR[95%CI]: 1.05[1.02\u20131.08] and 1.06[1.03\u20131.09] for 1 ms longer) and thinner baseline patellar cartilage (0.65[0.53\u20130.81] for 1\u00a0mm thicker). Greater annual rates of patellar cartilage thinning were associated with higher odds of constant knee pain (93.4[7.66\u20131139] for 1\u00a0mm\/yr greater). Among those with knee pain, greater annual rates of increase in medial and lateral tibial cartilage T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      led to more intermittent knee pain (percent change[95%CI]: 8.02[2.87\u201313.4] and 7.85[3.39\u201312.5] for 1 ms\/yr greater). Thicker lateral tibial cartilage at baseline led to less constant knee pain (beta coeff.[95%CI]: -11.8[-19.8\u20133.76] for 1\u00a0mm thicker).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Impaired femoral cartilage composition, indicated by longer T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      values, preceded intermittent knee pain found in early-stage OA. Constant knee pain characteristic for late-stage OA was related to greater cartilage thickness loss.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-025-03667-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T05:51:49Z","timestamp":1761112309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association between constant and intermittent knee pain and T2 values and cartilage thickness: data from the osteoarthritis initiative"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6022-3682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian T.","family":"L\u00f6ffler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabby B.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy E.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Pedoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharmila","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Nevitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"McCulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Link","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"3667_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.113","volume":"8","author":"F Eckstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eckstein F, Wirth W, Nevitt MC. Recent advances in osteoarthritis imaging\u2013the osteoarthritis initiative. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8:622\u201330.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"3667_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22897","volume":"68","author":"BR Deshpande","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deshpande BR, Katz JN, Solomon DH, Yelin EH, Hunter DJ, Messier SP, et al. Number of persons with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in the US: impact of race and Ethnicity, Age, Sex, and obesity. Arthritis Care Res. 2016;68:1743\u201350.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"3667_CR3","first-page":"120","volume":"50","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2001","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of disabilities and associated health conditions among adults\u2013United States, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50:120\u20135.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"3667_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.03.018","volume":"21","author":"T Neogi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neogi T. The epidemiology and impact of pain in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21:1145\u201353.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"3667_CR5","first-page":"930825","volume":"2013","author":"T Frese","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frese T, Peyton L, Mahlmeister J, Sandholzer H. Knee pain as the reason for encounter in general practice. ISRN Fam Med. 2013;2013:930825.","journal-title":"ISRN Fam Med"},{"key":"3667_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200110)45:5<453::AID-ART365>3.0.CO;2-W","volume":"45","author":"S McConnell","year":"2001","unstructured":"McConnell S, Kolopack P, Davis AM. The Western Ontario and McMaster universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC): a review of its utility and measurement properties. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;45:453\u201361.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"3667_CR7","unstructured":"Nevitt MC, Felson DT, Lester G. Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) Study Protocol - OAI. 2006 [cited 2025 Jan 19]. Available from: https:\/\/nda.nih.gov\/oai\/study-details"},{"key":"3667_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.19415","volume":"326","author":"KL Bennell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bennell KL, Paterson KL, Metcalf BR, Duong V, Eyles J, Kasza J, et al. Effect of Intra-articular Platelet-Rich plasma vs placebo injection on pain and medial tibial cartilage volume in patients with knee osteoarthritis: the RESTORE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;326:2021\u201330.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3667_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1434-3","volume":"18","author":"E Parry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parry E, Ogollah R, Peat G. Significant pain variability in persons with, or at high risk of, knee osteoarthritis: preliminary investigation based on secondary analysis of cohort data. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017;18:80.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"3667_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00673-4","volume":"17","author":"A Mahmoudian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahmoudian A, Lohmander LS, Mobasheri A, Englund M, Luyten FP. Early-stage symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee - time for action. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2021;17:621\u201332.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"3667_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2007.12.017","volume":"16","author":"GA Hawker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hawker GA, Stewart L, French MR, Cibere J, Jordan JM, March L, et al. Understanding the pain experience in hip and knee osteoarthritis\u2013an OARSI\/OMERACT initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008;16:415\u201322.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"3667_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2007.12.015","volume":"16","author":"GA Hawker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hawker GA, Davis AM, French MR, Cibere J, Jordan JM, March L, et al. Development and preliminary psychometric testing of a new OA pain measure\u2013an OARSI\/OMERACT initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008;16:409\u201314.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"3667_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-9-116","volume":"9","author":"J Bedson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bedson J, Croft PR. The discordance between clinical and radiographic knee osteoarthritis: a systematic search and summary of the literature. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008;9:116.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"3667_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2003.11.003","volume":"12","author":"CG Peterfy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Peterfy CG, Guermazi A, Zaim S, Tirman PFJ, Miaux Y, White D, et al. Whole-Organ magnetic resonance imaging score (WORMS) of the knee in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2004;12:177\u201390.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"3667_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.131904","volume":"70","author":"E Yusuf","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yusuf E, Kortekaas MC, Watt I, Huizinga TWJ, Kloppenburg M. Do knee abnormalities visualised on MRI explain knee pain in knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:60\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"3667_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24313","volume":"38","author":"X Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li X, Majumdar S. Quantitative MRI of articular cartilage and its clinical applications. J Magn Reson Imaging JMRI. 2013;38:991\u20131008.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging JMRI"},{"key":"3667_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1136\/ard\/2003.007666","volume":"63","author":"AE Wluka","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wluka AE, Wolfe R, Stuckey S, Cicuttini FM. How does tibial cartilage volume relate to symptoms in subjects with knee osteoarthritis? Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:264\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"3667_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2006.03.015","volume":"14","author":"L Torres","year":"2006","unstructured":"Torres L, Dunlop DD, Peterfy C, Guermazi A, Prasad P, Hayes KW, et al. The relationship between specific tissue lesions and pain severity in persons with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006;14:1033\u201340.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"3667_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1063-4584(03)00080-3","volume":"11","author":"MF Sowers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sowers MF, Hayes C, Jamadar D, Capul D, Lachance L, Jannausch M, et al. Magnetic resonance-detected subchondral bone marrow and cartilage defect characteristics associated with pain and X-ray-defined knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2003;11:387\u201393.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"3667_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30414","volume":"63","author":"F Eckstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eckstein F, Cotofana S, Wirth W, Nevitt M, John MR, Dreher D, et al. Greater rates of cartilage loss in painful knees than in pain-free knees after adjustment for radiographic disease stage: data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:2257\u201367.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"3667_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24394","volume":"73","author":"K Magnusson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Magnusson K, Turkiewicz A, Kumm J, Zhang F, Englund M. Relationship between magnetic resonance imaging features and knee pain over six years in knees without radiographic osteoarthritis at baseline. Arthritis Care Res. 2021;73:1659\u201366.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"3667_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead227","volume":"63","author":"A Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh A, Venn A, Blizzard L, March L, Eckstein F, Jones G, et al. Association between knee magnetic resonance imaging markers and knee symptoms over 6\u20139 years in young adults. Rheumatol Oxf Engl. 2024;63:436\u201345.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Oxf Engl"},{"key":"3667_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.10.010","volume":"21","author":"RJ Buck","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buck RJ, Wirth W, Dreher D, Nevitt M, Eckstein F. Frequency and Spatial distribution of cartilage thickness change in knee osteoarthritis and its relation to clinical and radiographic covariates - data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21:102\u20139.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"3667_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021204587","volume":"301","author":"M Chalian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chalian M, Li X, Guermazi A, Obuchowski NA, Carrino JA, Oei EH, et al. The QIBA profile for MRI-based compositional imaging of knee cartilage. Radiology. 2021;301:423\u201332.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"3667_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.05.026","volume":"23","author":"A Guermazi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guermazi A, Alizai H, Crema MD, Trattnig S, Regatte RR, Roemer FW. Compositional MRI techniques for evaluation of cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2015;23:1639\u201353.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"3667_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1776429","volume":"28","author":"MT L\u00f6ffler","year":"2024","unstructured":"L\u00f6ffler MT, Akkaya Z, Bhattacharjee R, Link TM. Biomarkers of cartilage composition. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2024;28:26\u201338.","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"key":"3667_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20672","volume":"64","author":"T Baum","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baum T, Joseph GB, Arulanandan A, Nardo L, Virayavanich W, Carballido-Gamio J, et al. Association of magnetic resonance imaging-based knee cartilage T2 measurements and focal knee lesions with knee pain: data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Arthritis Care Res. 2012;64:248\u201355.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"3667_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.07.012","volume":"21","author":"T Baum","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baum T, Joseph GB, Karampinos DC, Jungmann PM, Link TM, Bauer JS. Cartilage and meniscal T2 relaxation time as non-invasive biomarker for knee osteoarthritis and cartilage repair procedures. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21:1474\u201384.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"3667_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061294","volume":"10","author":"SN Edd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Edd SN, Omoumi P, Jolles BM, Favre J. Longitudinal femoral cartilage T2 relaxation time and thickness changes with fast sequential radiographic progression of medial knee osteoarthritis-Data from the osteoarthritis initiative (OAI). J Clin Med. 2021;10:1294.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"3667_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.10.016","volume":"27","author":"M Kretzschmar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kretzschmar M, Nevitt MC, Schwaiger BJ, Joseph GB, McCulloch CE, Link TM. Spatial distribution and Temporal progression of T2 relaxation time values in knee cartilage prior to the onset of cartilage lesions - data from the osteoarthritis initiative (OAI). Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019;27:737\u201345.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"3667_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780290816","volume":"29","author":"R Altman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Altman R, Asch E, Bloch D, Bole G, Borenstein D, Brandt K, et al. Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Diagnostic and therapeutic criteria committee of the American rheumatism association. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29:1039\u201349.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"3667_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.16.4.494","volume":"16","author":"JH Kellgren","year":"1957","unstructured":"Kellgren JH, Lawrence JS. Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1957;16:494\u2013502.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"3667_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90053-4","volume":"46","author":"RA Washburn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA. The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): development and evaluation. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46:153\u201362.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"3667_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.03.001","volume":"21","author":"DT Felson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Felson DT, Niu J, Yang T, Torner J, Lewis CE, Aliabadi P, et al. Physical activity, alignment and knee osteoarthritis: data from MOST and the OAI. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21:789\u201395.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"3667_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2008.06.016","volume":"16","author":"CG Peterfy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peterfy CG, Schneider E, Nevitt M. The osteoarthritis initiative: report on the design rationale for the magnetic resonance imaging protocol for the knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008;16:1433\u201341.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"3667_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24811","volume":"39","author":"A Razmjoo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Razmjoo A, Caliva F, Lee J, Liu F, Joseph GB, Link TM, et al. T2 analysis of the entire osteoarthritis initiative dataset. J Orthop Res Off Publ Orthop Res Soc. 2021;39:74\u201385.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res Off Publ Orthop Res Soc"},{"key":"3667_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milletari F, Navab N, Ahmadi S-A. V-Net: Fully Convolutional Neural Networks for Volumetric Medical Image Segmentation. 2016 Fourth Int Conf 3D Vis 3DV. 2016 [cited 2024 May 1]. pp. 565\u201371. Available from: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7785132","DOI":"10.1109\/3DV.2016.79"},{"key":"3667_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24849","volume":"39","author":"C Iriondo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iriondo C, Liu F, Caliv\u00e0 F, Kamat S, Majumdar S, Pedoia V. Towards Understanding mechanistic subgroups of osteoarthritis: 8-year cartilage thickness trajectory analysis. J Orthop Res Off Publ Orthop Res Soc. 2021;39:1305\u201317.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res Off Publ Orthop Res Soc"},{"key":"3667_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10648","volume":"50","author":"C Glaser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Glaser C, Burgkart R, Kutschera A, Englmeier K-H, Reiser M, Eckstein F. Femoro-tibial cartilage metrics from coronal MR image data: Technique, test-retest reproducibility, and findings in osteoarthritis. Magn Reson Med. 2003;50:1229\u201336.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"3667_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41512-018-0024-7","volume":"2","author":"M Welten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Welten M, de Kroon MLA, Renders CM, Steyerberg EW, Raat H, Twisk JWR, et al. Repeatedly measured predictors: a comparison of methods for prediction modeling. Diagn Progn Res. 2018;2:5.","journal-title":"Diagn Progn Res"},{"key":"3667_CR41","first-page":"552","volume":"35","author":"SA Baldwin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baldwin SA, Fellingham GW, Baldwin AS. Statistical models for multilevel skewed physical activity data in health research and behavioral medicine. Health Psychol Off J Div Health Psychol Am Psychol Assoc. 2016;35:552\u201362.","journal-title":"Health Psychol Off J Div Health Psychol Am Psychol Assoc"},{"key":"3667_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24131","volume":"72","author":"SL Kolasinski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, Oatis C, Guyatt G, Block J, et al. 2019 American college of Rheumatology\/Arthritis foundation guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and knee. Arthritis Care Res. 2020;72:149\u201362.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"3667_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099257","volume":"53","author":"AG Culvenor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Culvenor AG, \u00d8iestad BE, Hart HF, Stefanik JJ, Guermazi A, Crossley KM. Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis features on magnetic resonance imaging in asymptomatic uninjured adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53:1268\u201378.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"3667_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.19675","volume":"330","author":"V Duong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duong V, Oo WM, Ding C, Culvenor AG, Hunter DJ. Evaluation and treatment of knee pain: A review. JAMA. 2023;330:1568\u201380.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3667_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1751-4","volume":"20","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang Y, Teichtahl AJ, Abram F, Hussain SM, Pelletier J-P, Cicuttini FM, et al. Knee pain as a predictor of structural progression over 4 years: data from the osteoarthritis Initiative, a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20:250.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"3667_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.01.005","volume":"28","author":"MJ Thomas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomas MJ, Neogi T. Flare-ups of osteoarthritis: what do they mean in the short-term and the long-term? Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2020;28:870\u20133.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"3667_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24437","volume":"74","author":"LC Carlesso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carlesso LC, Law LF, Wang N, Nevitt M, Lewis CE, Neogi T, et al. Association of pain sensitization and conditioned pain modulation to pain patterns in knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2022;74:107\u201312.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"3667_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.07.002","volume":"24","author":"AH Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang AH, Almagor O, Lee JJ, Song J, Muhammad LN, Chmiel JS, et al. The natural history of knee osteoarthritis pain experience and risk profiles. J Pain. 2023;24:2175\u201385.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"3667_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510372799","volume":"38","author":"AC Luke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Luke AC, Stehling C, Stahl R, Li X, Kay T, Takamoto S, et al. High-field magnetic resonance imaging assessment of articular cartilage before and after marathon running: does long-distance running lead to cartilage damage? Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:2273\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"3667_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2022.09.013","volume":"31","author":"SL Coburn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Coburn SL, Crossley KM, Kemp JL, Warden SJ, West TJ, Bruder AM, et al. Is running good or bad for your knees? A systematic review and meta-analysis of cartilage morphology and composition changes in the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2023;31:144\u201357.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"3667_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.04.003","volume":"20","author":"GB Joseph","year":"2012","unstructured":"Joseph GB, Baum T, Alizai H, Carballido-Gamio J, Nardo L, Virayavanich W, et al. Baseline mean and heterogeneity of MR cartilage T2 are associated with morphologic degeneration of cartilage, meniscus, and bone marrow over 3 years\u2013data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012;20:727\u201335.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"3667_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204157","volume":"74","author":"H Liebl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liebl H, Joseph G, Nevitt MC, Singh N, Heilmeier U, Subburaj K, et al. Early T2 changes predict onset of radiographic knee osteoarthritis: data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1353\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"3667_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24627","volume":"74","author":"D Fuerst","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fuerst D, Wirth W, Gaisberger M, Hunter DJ, Eckstein F. Association of superficial cartilage transverse relaxation time with osteoarthritis disease progression: data from the foundation for the National institutes of health biomarker study of the osteoarthritis initiative. Arthritis Care Res. 2022;74:1888\u201393.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"3667_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2023.100388","volume":"5","author":"B Lineham","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lineham B, Wijayathunga H, Moran E, Shuweihdi F, Gupta H, Pandit H, et al. A systematic review demonstrating correlation of MRI compositional parameters with clinical outcomes following articular cartilage repair interventions in the knee. Osteoarthr Cartil Open. 2023;5:100388.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil Open"},{"key":"3667_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24194","volume":"73","author":"LC Carlesso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carlesso LC, Hawker GA, Torner J, Lewis CE, Nevitt M, Neogi T, et al. Association of intermittent and constant knee pain patterns with knee pain severity and with radiographic knee osteoarthritis duration and severity. Arthritis Care Res. 2021;73:788\u201393.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-025-03667-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-025-03667-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-025-03667-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:37:08Z","timestamp":1781613428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13075-025-03667-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-025-03667-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Affiliations were incorrectly assigned to authors: Gabby B. Joseph, John A. Lynch, Valentina Pedoia, Sharmila Majumdar, Thomas M. Link. They are affiliated only with Affiliation 2 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) appointed an independent Observational Study Monitoring Board (OSMB) to oversee the OAI study from 2002 to 2014. The OSMB\u2019s responsibilities included protecting the safety of study participants, considering ethical and other external factors that could impact participant safety, and monitoring the progress of the study. This Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant study has been approved by the OSMB and written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. The OSMB was disbanded upon study completion.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"196"}}