{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T01:46:31Z","timestamp":1775612791404,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K09729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K09729"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K09729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K09729"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-026-03774-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T09:34:45Z","timestamp":1772271285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk factors of serious infections in patients with large-vessel vasculitis after the approval of tocilizumab in 2017: a retrospective nested case-control study using the Japanese health insurance database"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6105-7033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sari","family":"Horiuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukumitsu","family":"Kudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Kawano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7181-7494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiko","family":"Sugihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8404-2587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Nakaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1640-1373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryoko","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4112-6035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manabu","family":"Akazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3774_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2018.1546358","volume":"29","author":"H Yoshifuji","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yoshifuji H. Pathophysiology of large vessel vasculitis and utility of interleukin-6 inhibition therapy. Mod Rheumatol. 2019;29(2):287\u201393.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3774_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/road019","volume":"34","author":"N Konda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Konda N, Sakai R, Saeki K, Matsubara Y, Nakamura Y, Miyamae T, et al. Nationwide clinical and epidemiological study of large-vessel vasculitis in Japan in 2017. Mod Rheumatol. 2023;34(1):167\u201374.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3774_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02171-6","volume":"22","author":"T Sugihara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sugihara T, Hasegawa H, Uchida HA, Yoshifuji H, Watanabe Y, Amiya E, et al. Associated factors of poor treatment outcomes in patients with giant cell arteritis: clinical implication of large vessel lesions. Arthritis Res Ther. 2020;22(1):72.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"3774_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uchida HA, Nakaoka Y, Sugihara T, Yoshifuji H, Maejima Y, Watanabe Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed Takayasu Arteritis in Japan during the first 2 years of treatment - a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Circ J. 2025;89(5):612\u20139.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-24-0178"},{"issue":"2","key":"3774_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae107","volume":"64","author":"P Therkildsen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Therkildsen P, de Thurah A, Nielsen BD, Faurschou M, Baslund B, Hansen IT, et al. The one-year infection risk among patients diagnosed with giant cell arteritis: use of antibiotics and hospitalisations. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2025;64(2):740\u20136.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"6","key":"3774_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39596","volume":"68","author":"J Schmidt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmidt J, Smail A, Roche B, Gay P, Salle V, Pellet H, et al. Incidence of Severe Infections and Infection-Related Mortality During the Course of Giant Cell Arteritis: A Multicenter, Prospective, Double-Cohort Study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(6):1477\u201382.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3774_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.06.012","volume":"17","author":"T Chazal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chazal T, Lhote R, Rey G, Haroche J, Eb M, Amoura Z, et al. Giant-cell arteritis-related mortality in France: A multiple-cause-of-death analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17(12):1219\u201324.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"3774_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.2023-1254","volume":"51","author":"DP Misra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Misra DP, Rathore U, Jagtap S, Mishra P, Thakare DR, Singh K, et al. Prevalence, Predictors, and Prognosis of Serious Infections in Takayasu Arteritis: A Cohort Study. J Rheumatol. 2024;51(12):1187\u201392.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3774_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140124","volume":"41","author":"PD Udayakumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Udayakumar PD, Chandran AK, Crowson CS, Warrington KJ, Matteson EL. Hospitalized infections in giant cell arteritis: a population-based retrospective cohort study. J Rheumatol. 2014;41(12):2447\u201351.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3774_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1613849","volume":"377","author":"JH Stone","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, Klearman M, Aringer M, Blockmans D, et al. Trial of Tocilizumab in Giant-Cell Arteritis. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(4):317\u201328.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3774_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211878","volume":"77","author":"Y Nakaoka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nakaoka Y, Isobe M, Takei S, Tanaka Y, Ishii T, Yokota S, et al. Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in patients with refractory Takayasu arteritis: results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial in Japan (the TAKT study). Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(3):348\u201354.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"3774_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/road074","volume":"34","author":"M Harigai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harigai M, Miyamae T, Hashimoto H, Umetsu K, Yamashita K, Nakaoka Y. A multicentre, large-scale, observational study of tocilizumab in patients with giant cell arteritis in Japan. Mod Rheumatol. 2024;34(4):775\u201383.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3774_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roac099","volume":"33","author":"M Harigai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harigai M, Miyamae T, Hashimoto H, Yoshida A, Yamashita K, Nakaoka Y. A multicentre, large-scale, observational study of tocilizumab in patients with Takayasu arteritis in Japan: The ACTEMRA(R) (ACT)-Bridge study. Mod Rheumatol. 2023;33(5):998\u20131006.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"3774_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470488","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1470488","volume":"16","author":"S Parisi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Parisi S, Ditto MC, Ghellere F, Panaro S, Piccione F, Borrelli R, et al. Update on tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis: a narrative review. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1470488.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"3774_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakai R, Tanaka E, Inoue E, Harigai M. Increased risk of cardiovascular events under the treatments with Janus kinase inhibitors versus biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective longitudinal population-based study using the Japanese health insurance database. RMD Open. 2024;10(2):e003885.","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003885"},{"issue":"11","key":"3774_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13711","volume":"22","author":"R Sakai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sakai R, Cho SK, Jang EJ, Harigai M, Sung YK. International descriptive study for comparison of treatment patterns in patients with knee osteoarthritis between Korea and Japan using claims data. Int J Rheum Dis. 2019;22(11):2052\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3774_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.37737\/ace.22004","volume":"4","author":"A Nishikawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nishikawa A, Yoshinaga E, Nakamura M, Suzuki M, Kido K, Tsujimoto N, et al. Validation Study of Algorithms to Identify Malignant Tumors and Serious Infections in a Japanese Administrative Healthcare Database. Ann Clin Epidemiol. 2022;4(1):20\u201331.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3774_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez630","volume":"59","author":"Y Nakaoka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nakaoka Y, Isobe M, Tanaka Y, Ishii T, Ooka S, Niiro H, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in refractory Takayasu arteritis: final results of the randomized controlled phase 3 TAKT study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(9):2427\u201334.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"5","key":"3774_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00038-2","volume":"3","author":"JH Stone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stone JH, Han J, Aringer M, Blockmans D, Brouwer E, Cid MC, et al. Long-term effect of tocilizumab in patients with giant cell arteritis: open-label extension phase of the Giant Cell Arteritis Actemra (GiACTA) trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 2021;3(5):e328\u201336.","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3774_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab780","volume":"61","author":"JH Stone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stone JH, Spotswood H, Unizony SH, Aringer M, Blockmans D, Brouwer E, et al. New-onset versus relapsing giant cell arteritis treated with tocilizumab: 3-year results from a randomized controlled trial and extension. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61(7):2915\u201322.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"3774_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellan M, Scotti L, Ferrante D, Calzaducca E, Manfredi GF, Sainaghi PP, et al. Risk of severe infection among Rheumatoid Arthritis patients on biological DMARDs: a population-based cohort study. J Clin Med. 2022;11(11):2955.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11112955"},{"issue":"5","key":"3774_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2021.07.004","volume":"51","author":"HL Jeon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeon HL, Kim SC, Park SH, Shin JY. The risk of serious infection in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving tocilizumab compared with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in Korea. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021;51(5):989\u201395.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"7","key":"3774_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11064","volume":"1","author":"G Ozen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ozen G, Pedro S, England BR, Mehta B, Wolfe F, Michaud K. Risk of Serious Infection in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated With Biologic Versus Nonbiologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2019;1(7):424\u201332.","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3774_CR24","first-page":"826","volume":"40","author":"SK Tedeschi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tedeschi SK, Jin Y, Vine S, Lee H, Pethoe-Schramm A, Yau V, et al. Giant cell arteritis treatment patterns and rates of serious infections. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2022;40(4):826\u201333.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3774_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-018-0112-8","volume":"5","author":"S Gale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gale S, Wilson JC, Chia J, Trinh H, Tuckwell K, Collinson N, et al. Risk Associated with Cumulative Oral Glucocorticoid Use in Patients with Giant Cell Arteritis in Real-World Databases from the USA and UK. Rheumatol Ther. 2018;5(2):327\u201340.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"3774_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.05.009","volume":"46","author":"MS Broder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Broder MS, Sarsour K, Chang E, Collinson N, Tuckwell K, Napalkov P, et al. Corticosteroid-related adverse events in patients with giant cell arteritis: A claims-based analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016;46(2):246\u201352.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"5","key":"3774_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roab081","volume":"32","author":"T Sugihara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sugihara T, Nakaoka Y, Uchida HA, Yoshifuji H, Maejima Y, Watanabe Y, et al. Establishing clinical remission criteria and the framework of a treat-to-target algorithm for Takayasu arteritis: Results of a Delphi exercise carried out by an expert panel of the Japan Research Committee of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for intractable vasculitis. Mod Rheumatol. 2022;32(5):930\u20137.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3774_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/road046","volume":"34","author":"T Sugihara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sugihara T, Yoshifuji H, Uchida HA, Maejima Y, Watanabe Y, Tanemoto K, et al. Establishing clinical remission criteria for giant cell arteritis: Results of a Delphi exercise carried out by an expert panel of the Japan Research Committee of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare for Intractable Vasculitis. Mod Rheumatol. 2024;34(3):568\u201375.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3774_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-19-0773","volume":"84","author":"M Isobe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Isobe M, Amano K, Arimura Y, Ishizu A, Ito S, Kaname S, et al. JCS 2017 Guideline on Management of Vasculitis Syndrome- Digest Version. Circ J. 2020;84(2):299\u2013359.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3774_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215672","volume":"79","author":"B Hellmich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hellmich B, Agueda A, Monti S, Buttgereit F, de Boysson H, Brouwer E, et al. 2018 Update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(1):19\u201330.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"3774_CR31","unstructured":"Zhou K, Lansang MC. Diabetes mellitus and infection. In: Feingold KR, Adler RA, Ahmed SF, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Chrousos G, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK569326\/. Updated 2024 Jun 29. Cited 2026 Feb 26."},{"issue":"1","key":"3774_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev262","volume":"55","author":"N Amiri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amiri N, De Vera M, Choi HK, Sayre EC, Avina-Zubieta JA. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease in giant cell arteritis: a general population-based study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(1):33\u201340.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3774_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-23-0656","volume":"88","author":"H Yoshifuji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yoshifuji H, Nakaoka Y, Uchida HA, Sugihara T, Watanabe Y, Funakoshi S, et al. Organ Damage and Quality of Life in Takayasu Arteritis - Evidence From a National Registry Analysis. Circ J. 2024;88(3):285\u201394.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"issue":"8","key":"3774_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.020180","volume":"90","author":"PC Souverein","year":"2004","unstructured":"Souverein PC, Berard A, Van Staa TP, Cooper C, Egberts AC, Leufkens HG, et al. Use of oral glucocorticoids and risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in a population based case-control study. Heart. 2004;90(8):859\u201365.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"9","key":"3774_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa138","volume":"66","author":"Y Sandoval","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sandoval Y, Smith SW, Sexter A, Schulz K, Apple FS. Incidence and Prognostic Impact of Infection in Patients with Type 1 and 2 Myocardial Infarction. Clin Chem. 2020;66(9):1240\u20131.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"3774_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001828","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-001828","volume":"8","author":"C Beauvais","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beauvais C, Fayet F, Rousseau A, Sordet C, Pouplin S, Maugars Y, et al. Efficacy of a nurse-led patient education intervention in promoting safety skills of patients with inflammatory arthritis treated with biologics: a multicentre randomised clinical trial. RMD Open. 2022;8(1):e001828.","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"3774_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10529","volume":"46","author":"MF Doran","year":"2002","unstructured":"Doran MF, Crowson CS, Pond GR, O\u2019Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Predictors of infection in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(9):2294\u2013300.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research & Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-026-03774-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-026-03774-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-026-03774-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T01:01:55Z","timestamp":1775610115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13075-026-03774-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-026-03774-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This observational study used only de-identified and anonymized MDV data; therefore, informed consent was not required. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Meiji Pharmaceutical University (approval no. 202325).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"SH is an employee of Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd. and receives tuition support for part of her doctoral degree program from her company. TS received research grants from Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd.; Daiichi Sankyo; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; and Ono Pharmaceutical. TS received speaker fees from AbbVie Japan Co., Ltd.; Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd.; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Ayumi Pharmaceutical; Bristol Myers Squibb K.K.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma Co.; Ono Pharmaceutical; Pfizer Japan Inc.; and Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. YN received consulting fees from AbbVie Japan Co., Ltd.; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; and Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and lecture fees from AbbVie and Chugai. RS received consulting fees from Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd. MA received funding based on advisory contracts from Astellas Pharma Inc.; Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma Co.; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; GlaxoSmithKline K.K.; Merck & Co., Inc.; and Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"82"}}