{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:11:45Z","timestamp":1791259905498,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014584","name":"Universit\u00e4tsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\u00e4t Mainz","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014584","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess a combination of novel color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS), greyscale ultrasound (GSUS), and oscillometric indices of macroangiopathy and (CV) risk in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA). Additionally, to explore the relationships between these imaging markers and both patient-specific and disease-related characteristics, as well as traditional CV risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CDUS was performed to evaluate arterial compliance markers, specifically the resistance (RI) and pulsatility (PI) indices, in both the common (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) of GCA patients and healthy controls. GSUS examinations were conducted to measure carotid intima-media-thickness (cIMT), identify plaques, and quantify cumulative carotid calcification surface. Oscillometry was utilized to determine aortic stiffness via carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (cfPWV).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty-six GCA patients and 93 healthy subjects were included. Patients showed significantly higher cfPWV (p\n                      <jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>\n                      &lt;0.001), cIMT (p\n                      <jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>\n                      =0.037), CCA-PI (p\n                      <jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>\n                      =0.009), CCA-RI (p\n                      <jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>\n                      =0.019), and plaque-area (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared with controls. cfPWV correlated with traditional CV risk factors, like age (rho\u2009=\u20090.330,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.009), mean-arterial-pressure (rho\u2009=\u20090.257,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.044), and cholesterol (rho\u2009=\u20090.318,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017). CCA-PI and -RI were lower in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy [1.5 (1.33\u20132.04) vs. 1.95 (1.72\u20132.29); 0.74 (0.68\u20130.82) vs. 0.80 (0.76\u20130.85), both;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05], and CCA-RI was predicted by erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate (rho\u2009=\u20090.343,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.044). cIMT correlated with age (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.619,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and plaque area (rho\u2009=\u20090.305,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GCA patients demonstrated increased carotid pulsatility, resistance, atherosclerosis, and aortic stiffness compared to controls. Moreover, key predictors of impaired CV and cerebrovascular surrogates were identified. The combined assessment of CDUS and GSUS could provide a more thorough evaluation of the arterial tree, thereby enhancing the overall assessment of macroangiopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DRKS00031470.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-026-03779-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T11:53:36Z","timestamp":1774698816000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Color Doppler carotid resistance, pulsatility, and aortic oscillometry indices in giant cell arteritis: insights from the VASCARD cohort"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Triantafyllias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Lena","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas V","family":"Goules","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena K","family":"Joerns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muthuraman","family":"Muthuraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0566-598X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Schwarting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3779_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","volume":"65","author":"JC Jennette","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, Basu N, Cid MC, Ferrario F, et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"3779_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.160249","volume":"44","author":"AJ Mohammad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mohammad AJ, Englund M, Turesson C, Tomasson G, Merkel PA. Rate of Comorbidities in Giant Cell Arteritis: A Population-based Study. J Rhuematol. 2017;44(1):84\u201390.","journal-title":"J Rhuematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3779_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2023.101831","volume":"37","author":"DP Misra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Misra DP, Sharma A, Karpouzas GA, Kitas GD. Cardiovascular risk in vasculitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2023;37(1):101831.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3779_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.09.011","volume":"237","author":"S Jain","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jain S, Khera R, Corrales-Medina VF, Townsend RR, Chirinos JA. Inflammation and arterial stiffness in humans. Atherosclerosis. 2014;237(2):381\u201390.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3779_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2009.02123.x","volume":"266","author":"S Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang S, Yiu KH, Mok MY, Ooi GC, Khong PL, Mak KF, et al. Prevalence and extent of calcification over aorta, coronary and carotid arteries in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Intern Med. 2009;266(5):445\u201352.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"3779_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00177","volume":"5","author":"E Bartoloni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bartoloni E, Alunno A, Valentini V, Luccioli F, Valentini E, La Paglia GMC, et al. Targeting Inflammation to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Rheumatic Diseases: Myth or Reality? Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018;5:177.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"3779_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu MY, Li CJ, Hou MF, Chu PY. New Insights into the Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(10):2034.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102034"},{"issue":"10","key":"3779_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-018-0440-7","volume":"77","author":"YH Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee YH, Song GG. Overall and cause-specific mortality in giant cell arteritis: A meta-analysis. Z Rheumatol. 2018;77(10):946\u201351.","journal-title":"Z Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3779_CR9","first-page":"737","volume":"29","author":"A Uddhammar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Uddhammar A, Eriksson AL, Nystr\u00f6m L, Stenling R, Rantap\u00e4\u00e4-Dahlqvist S. Increased mortality due to cardiovascular disease in patients with giant cell arteritis in northern Sweden. J Rheumatol. 2002;29(4):737\u201342.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3779_CR10","first-page":"1300","volume":"60","author":"K Triantafyllias","year":"2021","unstructured":"Triantafyllias K, Cavagna L, Klonowski A, Drott U, Fiehn C, Wendel S, Rheumatology, et al. (Oxford). 2021;60(3):1300\u201312.","journal-title":"(Oxford)"},{"key":"3779_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triantafyllias K, Thiele LE, Cavagna L, Baraliakos X, Bertsias G, Schwarting A. Arterial Stiffness as a Surrogate Marker of Cardiovascular Disease and Atherosclerosis in Patients with Arthritides and Connective Tissue Diseases: A Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(11):1870.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13111870"},{"issue":"3","key":"3779_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834fa8b0","volume":"30","author":"LM Van Bortel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van Bortel LM, Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Chowienczyk P, Cruickshank JK, De Backer T, et al. Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. J Hypertens. 2012;30(3):445\u20138.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"3779_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17589","volume":"79","author":"CA Valencia-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valencia-Hern\u00e1ndez CA, Lindbohm JV, Shipley MJ, Wilkinson IB, McEniery CM, Ahmadi-Abhari S, et al. Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity as Adjunct Risk Marker for Assessing Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Prospective Study. Hypertension. 2022;79(4):836\u201343.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"3779_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2007.11.011","volume":"21","author":"JH Stein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stein JH, Korcarz CE, Hurst RT, Lonn E, Kendall CB, Mohler ER, et al. Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(2):93\u2013111. quiz 89\u201390.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"9","key":"3779_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.013207","volume":"47","author":"SY Chuang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chuang SY, Cheng HM, Bai CH, Yeh WT, Chen JR, Pan WH. Blood Pressure, Carotid Flow Pulsatility, and the Risk of Stroke: A Community-Based Study. Stroke. 2016;47(9):2262\u20138.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3779_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820263","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.820263","volume":"9","author":"A Mandel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mandel A, Schwarting A, Cavagna L, Triantafyllias K. Novel Surrogate Markers of Cardiovascular Risk in the Setting of Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases: Current Data and Implications for the Future. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:820263.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"3779_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2066-z","volume":"5","author":"K Triantafyllias","year":"2016","unstructured":"Triantafyllias K, De Blasi M, Hoffmann I, Thomaidis T, Drees P, Schwarting A. The count of tender rather than swollen joints correlates with aortic stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Springerplus. 2016;5:428.","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"4","key":"3779_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-024-00676-z","volume":"11","author":"K Triantafyllias","year":"2024","unstructured":"Triantafyllias K, Liverakos S, Muthuraman M, Cavagna L, Parodis I, Schwarting A. Cardiovascular Risk Evaluation in Psoriatic Arthritis by Aortic Stiffness and the Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE): Results of the Prospective PSOCARD Cohort Study. Rheumatol Ther. 2024;11(4):897\u2013911.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"3779_CR19","first-page":"74","volume":"38","author":"M Stortz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stortz M, Triantafyllias K, Schwarting A, Weinmann-Menke J. Vascular stiffness: influencing factors on carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020;38(1):74\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3779_CR20","first-page":"994","volume":"37","author":"K Triantafyllias","year":"2019","unstructured":"Triantafyllias K, de Blasi M, L\u00fctgendorf F, Cavagna L, Stortz M, Weinmann-Menke J, et al. High cardiovascular risk in mixed connective tissue disease: evaluation of macrovascular involvement and its predictors by aortic pulse wave velocity. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019;37(6):994\u20131002.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3779_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae682","volume":"64","author":"K Triantafyllias","year":"2025","unstructured":"Triantafyllias K, Gauch S, Bertsias G, Boumpas D, Hasseli R, Cavagna L, et al. Integrating carotid Doppler, greyscale US, and aortic oscillometry to evaluate macroangiopathy in myositides: the MYOCARD cohort. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2025;64(5):2995\u20133005.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"Suppl 116","key":"3779_CR22","first-page":"114","volume":"37","author":"K Triantafyllias","year":"2019","unstructured":"Triantafyllias K, Stortz M, de Blasi M, Leistner C, Weinmann-Menke J, Schwarting A. Increased aortic stiffness in patients with fibromyalgia: results of a prospective study on carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019;37(Suppl 116):114\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"3779_CR23","first-page":"24","volume":"13","author":"K Triantafyllias","year":"2023","unstructured":"Triantafyllias K, Thiele LE, Mandel A, Cavagna L, Baraliakos X, Bertsias G, et al. Arterial Stiffness as a Surrogate Marker of Cardiovascular Disease and Atherosclerosis in Patients with Vasculitides: A Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13:24.","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"3779_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001003","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2019-001003","volume":"5","author":"S Monti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monti S, \u00c1gueda AF, Luqmani RA, Buttgereit F, Cid M, Dejaco C, et al. Systematic literature review informing the 2018 update of the EULAR recommendation for the management of large vessel vasculitis: focus on giant cell arteritis. RMD Open. 2019;5(2):e001003.","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"3779_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002081","volume":"37","author":"A Milan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Milan A, Zocaro G, Leone D, Tosello F, Buraioli I, Schiavone D, et al. Current assessment of pulse wave velocity: comprehensive review of validation studies. J Hypertens. 2019;37(8):1547\u201357.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"3779_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahdy A, Stradner M, Roessler A, Brix B, Lackner A, Salon A et al. A Pilot Study: Hypertension, Endothelial Dysfunction and Retinal Microvasculature in Rheumatic Autoimmune Diseases. J Clin Med. 2021;10(18):4067 .","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184067"},{"issue":"2","key":"3779_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.170025","volume":"45","author":"J Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen J, Lam SH, Shang Q, Wong CK, Li EK, Wong P, et al. Underestimation of Risk of Carotid Subclinical Atherosclerosis by Cardiovascular Risk Scores in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2018;45(2):218\u201326.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"3779_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvasa.2013.04.001","volume":"55","author":"J Littnerova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Littnerova J, al., Pe. Why to use propensity score in observational studies? Case study based on data from the Czech clinical database AHEAD 2006\u201309. Cor et Vasa. 2013;55:e383\u201390.","journal-title":"Cor et Vasa"},{"issue":"2","key":"3779_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.433","volume":"10","author":"PC Austin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Austin PC. Optimal caliper widths for propensity-score matching when estimating differences in means and differences in proportions in observational studies. Pharm Stat. 2011;10(2):150\u201361.","journal-title":"Pharm Stat"},{"issue":"7","key":"3779_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2012.03.013","volume":"5","author":"H Sillesen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sillesen H, Muntendam P, Adourian A, Entrekin R, Garcia M, Falk E, et al. Carotid plaque burden as a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis: comparison with other tests for subclinical arterial disease in the High Risk Plaque BioImage study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5(7):681\u20139.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"3779_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.044","volume":"220","author":"Y Inaba","year":"2012","unstructured":"Inaba Y, Chen JA, Bergmann SR. Carotid plaque, compared with carotid intima-media thickness, more accurately predicts coronary artery disease events: a meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2012;220(1):128\u201333.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3779_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02735","volume":"63","author":"BS Aribisala","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aribisala BS, Morris Z, Eadie E, Thomas A, Gow A, Vald\u00e9s Hern\u00e1ndez MC, et al. Blood pressure, internal carotid artery flow parameters, and age-related white matter hyperintensities. Hypertension. 2014;63(5):1011\u20138.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"3779_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824630","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.824630","volume":"9","author":"A Lo Gullo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lo Gullo A, Giuffrida C, Morace C, Squadrito G, Magnano San Lio P, Ricciardi L, et al. Arterial Stiffness and Adult Onset Vasculitis: A Systematic Review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:824630.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"3779_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathore SS, Srikaram P, Gudena S, Manoj S, Allam SR, Hatamleh MA et al. Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Giant Cell Arteritis: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2025;83:78\u201387.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjc.2024.10.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"3779_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev262","volume":"55","author":"N Amiri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amiri N, De Vera M, Choi HK, Sayre EC, Avina-Zubieta JA. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease in giant cell arteritis: a general population-based study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(1):33\u201340.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"2","key":"3779_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.2.454","volume":"32","author":"NM van Popele","year":"2001","unstructured":"van Popele NM, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, Asmar R, Topouchian J, Reneman RS, et al. Association between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam Study. Stroke. 2001;32(2):454\u201360.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"7","key":"3779_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.10.040","volume":"63","author":"C Vlachopoulos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C. Aortic stiffness for cardiovascular risk prediction: just measure it, just do it! J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(7):647\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3779_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85857-4","volume":"11","author":"A Emamifar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Emamifar A, Ellingsen T, Hermann AP, Hess S, Gerke O, Ahangarani Farahani Z, et al. Prognostic impacts of glucocorticoid treatment in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):6220.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"3779_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.11.003","volume":"51","author":"P Jud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jud P, Verheyen N, Dejaco C, Haas E, Szolar D, Meinitzer A, et al. Prevalence and prognostic factors for aortic dilatation in giant cell arteritis - a longitudinal study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021;51(4):911\u20138.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"9","key":"3779_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0458-5","volume":"16","author":"D Camellino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Camellino D, Matteson EL, Buttgereit F, Dejaco C. Monitoring and long-term management of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16(9):481\u201395.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3779_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex341","volume":"57","author":"S Monti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Monti S, Floris A, Ponte CB, Schmidt WA, Diamantopoulos AP, Pereira C, et al. The proposed role of ultrasound in the management of giant cell arteritis in routine clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57(1):112\u20139.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"3779_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574248","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/574248","volume":"2014","author":"C Puppo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Puppo C, Massollo M, Paparo F, Camellino D, Piccardo A, Shoushtari Zadeh Naseri M, et al. Giant cell arteritis: a systematic review of the qualitative and semiquantitative methods to assess vasculitis with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:574248.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"3779_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0130709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130709","volume":"10","author":"SA Provan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Provan SA, Berg IJ, Hammer HB, Mathiessen A, Kvien TK, Semb AG. The Impact of Newer Biological Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A 12-Month Longitudinal Study in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Treated with Rituximab, Abatacept and Tociliziumab. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(6):e0130709.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"3779_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204345","volume":"74","author":"IB McInnes","year":"2015","unstructured":"McInnes IB, Thompson L, Giles JT, Bathon JM, Salmon JE, Beaulieu AD, et al. Effect of interleukin-6 receptor blockade on surrogates of vascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: MEASURE, a randomised, placebo-controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(4):694\u2013702.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3779_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.313129","volume":"40","author":"P Lacolley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lacolley P, Regnault V, Laurent S. Mechanisms of Arterial Stiffening: From Mechanotransduction to Epigenetics. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(5):1055\u201362.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3779_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13251","volume":"20","author":"A Diaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Diaz A, Z\u00f3calo Y, Bia D, Wray S, Fischer EC. Reference intervals and percentiles for carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity in a healthy population aged between 9 and 87 years. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018;20(4):659\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"5","key":"3779_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22934","volume":"41","author":"ICL van den Munckhof","year":"2018","unstructured":"van den Munckhof ICL, Jones H, Hopman MTE, de Graaf J, Nyakayiru J, van Dijk B, et al. Relation between age and carotid artery intima-medial thickness: a systematic review. Clin Cardiol. 2018;41(5):698\u2013704.","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3779_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2007.04657.x","volume":"34","author":"CM McEniery","year":"2007","unstructured":"McEniery CM, Wilkinson IB, Avolio AP. Age, hypertension and arterial function. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2007;34(7):665\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3779_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.33963\/v.phj.102176","volume":"82","author":"J Jin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jin J, Qi T, Wang M, Yu X, Sun H, Jin X, et al. Characteristics of pulse wave velocity and its correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy individuals. Kardiol Pol. 2024;82(10):949\u201357.","journal-title":"Kardiol Pol"},{"key":"3779_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382946","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1382946","volume":"11","author":"L Schweiger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schweiger L, Hafner F, Meinitzer A, Brodmann M, Dejaco C, Jud P. Association of clinical, imaging and laboratory parameters with adverse effects of glucocorticoid therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2024;11:1382946.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"3779_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.007","volume":"241","author":"C Vlachopoulos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vlachopoulos C, Xaplanteris P, Aboyans V, Brodmann M, C\u00edfkov\u00e1 R, Cosentino F, et al. The role of vascular biomarkers for primary and secondary prevention. A position paper from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripheral circulation: Endorsed by the Association for Research into Arterial Structure and Physiology (ARTERY) Society. Atherosclerosis. 2015;241(2):507\u201332.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-026-03779-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-026-03779-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-026-03779-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:04:39Z","timestamp":1781643879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13075-026-03779-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3779"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-026-03779-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The project has been approved by the local ethical committee Rhineland Palatinate medical board, Germany, in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration (approval number: 13762_2). All recruited subjects provided written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"84"}}