{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:01:23Z","timestamp":1780027283895,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008005","name":"Yonsei University College of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6-2023-0155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6-2023-0155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007033","name":"Eisai Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4-2024-0700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4-2024-0700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019265","name":"Yuhan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4-2025-0044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4-2025-0044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032301","name":"Samsung Bioepis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4-2025-1066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4-2025-1066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-026-03790-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T01:50:15Z","timestamp":1776477015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum citrullinated histone H3 as a biomarker of disease activity and renal outcome in microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Oh Chan","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taejun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jang Woo","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Beom","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10427","key":"3790_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01736-1","volume":"403","author":"A Kronbichler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kronbichler A, Bajema IM, Bruchfeld A, Mastroianni Kirsztajn G, Stone JH. Diagnosis and management of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Lancet. 2024;403(10427):683\u201398.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"3790_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41773","volume":"73","author":"SA Chung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chung SA, Langford CA, Maz M, Abril A, Gorelik M, Guyatt G, Archer AM, Conn DL, Full KA, Grayson PC, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology\/Vasculitis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(8):1366\u201383.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3790_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223764","volume":"83","author":"B Hellmich","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hellmich B, Sanchez-Alamo B, Schirmer JH, Berti A, Blockmans D, Cid MC, Holle JU, Hollinger N, Karadag O, Kronbichler A, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis: 2022 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83(1):30\u201347.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3790_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13284","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13284","volume":"98","author":"FG Scurt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scurt FG, Hirschfeld V, Schubert L, Mertens PR, Chatzikyrkou C. Monitoring disease activity in antineutrophil antibody-associated vasculitis. Scand J Immunol. 2023;98(1):e13284.","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3790_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.101279","volume":"68","author":"C Mukhtyar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mukhtyar C, Lee R, Brown D, Carruthers D, Dasgupta B, Dubey S, Flossmann O, Hall C, Hollywood J, Jayne D, et al. Modification and validation of the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (version 3). Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(12):1827\u201332.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"3790_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae018","volume":"39","author":"B Sachez-Alamo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sachez-Alamo B, Moi L, Bajema I, Berden A, Flossmann O, Hruskova Z, Jayne D, Wester-Trejo M, Wallquist C, Westman K. Long-term outcome of kidney function in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2024;39(9):1483\u201393.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"issue":"5","key":"3790_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-025-05883-7","volume":"45","author":"M Bekta\u015f","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bekta\u015f M, Ince B, Zaral\u0131 S, G\u00fclseren \u00dcA, \u00dck E, A\u011farg\u00fcn BF, G\u00fczey DY, Yal\u00e7\u0131nkaya Y, Art\u0131m-Esen B, Gul A, et al. Damage accrual and predictors of mortality in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a retrospective observational study. Rheumatol Int. 2025;45(5):137.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"3790_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2024.106933","volume":"270","author":"M Prendecki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prendecki M, Gurung A, Pisacano N, Pusey CD. The role of neutrophils in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Immunol Lett. 2024;270:106933.","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"3790_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Y, Tetz ZA, Zeng X, Go SJ, Ouyang W, Lee KE, Dong T, Li Y, Ma J. CitH3, a Druggable Biomarker for Human Diseases Associated with Acute NETosis and Chronic Immune Dysfunction. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(7):809.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17070809"},{"key":"3790_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, Basu N, Cid MC, Ferrario F, Flores-Suarez LF, Gross WL, Guillevin L, Hagen EC et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(1):1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715"},{"issue":"2","key":"3790_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.054593","volume":"66","author":"R Watts","year":"2007","unstructured":"Watts R, Lane S, Hanslik T, Hauser T, Hellmich B, Koldingsnes W, Mahr A, Segelmark M, Cohen-Tervaert JW, Scott D. Development and validation of a consensus methodology for the classification of the ANCA-associated vasculitides and polyarteritis nodosa for epidemiological studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(2):222\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3790_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221796","volume":"81","author":"R Suppiah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suppiah R, Robson JC, Grayson PC, Ponte C, Craven A, Khalid S, Judge A, Hutchings A, Merkel PA, Luqmani RA, et al. 2022 American College of Rheumatology\/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology classification criteria for microscopic polyangiitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81(3):321\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3790_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221795","volume":"81","author":"JC Robson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Robson JC, Grayson PC, Ponte C, Suppiah R, Craven A, Judge A, Khalid S, Hutchings A, Watts RA, Merkel PA, et al. 2022 American College of Rheumatology\/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology classification criteria for granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81(3):315\u201320.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3790_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221794","volume":"81","author":"PC Grayson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grayson PC, Ponte C, Suppiah R, Robson JC, Craven A, Judge A, Khalid S, Hutchings A, Luqmani RA, Watts RA, et al. 2022 American College of Rheumatology\/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81(3):309\u201314.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3790_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2018.59.3.397","volume":"59","author":"J Yoo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yoo J, Ahn SS, Jung SM, Song JJ, Park YB, Lee SW. Delta Neutrophil Index Is Associated with Vasculitis Activity and Risk of Relapse in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Yonsei Med J. 2018;59(3):397\u2013405.","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3790_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03210-8","volume":"25","author":"T Kotani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kotani T, Matsuda S, Okazaki A, Nishioka D, Watanabe R, Gon T, Manabe A, Shoji M, Kadoba K, Hiwa R, et al. Risk prediction model for mortality in microscopic polyangiitis: multicentre REVEAL cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2023;25(1):223.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"3790_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24958","volume":"75","author":"P Delvino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Delvino P, Sardanelli F, Monti S, Cohen P, Pu\u00e9chal X, Mouthon L, Montecucco C, Guillevin L, Terrier B. Remission and Low Disease Activity in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis and Microscopic Polyangiitis: Prevalence and Impact on Damage Accrual. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2023;75(5):1158\u201365.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"6","key":"3790_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1959","volume":"15","author":"K Kessenbrock","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kessenbrock K, Krumbholz M, Sch\u00f6nermarck U, Back W, Gross WL, Werb Z, Gr\u00f6ne HJ, Brinkmann V, Jenne DE. Netting neutrophils in autoimmune small-vessel vasculitis. Nat Med. 2009;15(6):623\u20135.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3790_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013060606","volume":"25","author":"D Nakazawa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nakazawa D, Shida H, Tomaru U, Yoshida M, Nishio S, Atsumi T, Ishizu A. Enhanced formation and disordered regulation of NETs in myeloperoxidase-ANCA-associated microscopic polyangiitis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(5):990\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3790_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2053","volume":"15","author":"J Xu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xu J, Zhang X, Pelayo R, Monestier M, Ammollo CT, Semeraro F, Taylor FB, Esmon NL, Lupu F, Esmon CT. Extracellular histones are major mediators of death in sepsis. Nat Med. 2009;15(11):1318\u201321.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3790_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01528-y","volume":"49","author":"Y Tian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tian Y, Russo RM, Li Y, Karmakar M, Liu B, Puskarich MA, Jones AE, Stringer KA, Standiford TJ, Alam HB. Serum citrullinated histone H3 concentrations differentiate patients with septic verses non-septic shock and correlate with disease severity. Infection. 2021;49(1):83\u201393.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"7","key":"3790_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39614","volume":"68","author":"RL Rhee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rhee RL, Hogan SL, Poulton CJ, McGregor JA, Landis JR, Falk RJ, Merkel PA. Trends in Long-Term Outcomes Among Patients With Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis With Renal Disease. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(7):1711\u201320.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3790_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e771","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00193-0","volume":"6","author":"SE Sattui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sattui SE, Jiang B, Fu X, Cook C, Srivatsan S, Williams ZK, Katz G, Zhang Y, Wallace ZS. The effects of age and frailty on the risks of end-stage renal disease, death, and severe infection in older adults with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2024;6(11):e771\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3790_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(01)00341-9","volume":"54","author":"EW Steyerberg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Steyerberg EW, Harrell FE Jr., Borsboom GJ, Eijkemans MJ, Vergouwe Y, Habbema JD. Internal validation of predictive models: efficiency of some procedures for logistic regression analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54(8):774\u201381.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"3790_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253667","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1253667","volume":"14","author":"M Juha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Juha M, Moln\u00e1r A, Jakus Z, Led\u00f3 N. NETosis: an emerging therapeutic target in renal diseases. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1253667.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3790_CR26","first-page":"1792","volume":"41","author":"W Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng W, Wu S, Wang W. Correlation of serum citrullinated histone H3 levels with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2023;41(9):1792\u2013800.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3790_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab239","volume":"28","author":"AL Schroder","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schroder AL, Chami B, Liu Y, Doyle CM, El Kazzi M, Ahlenstiel G, Ahmad G, Pathma-Nathan N, Collins G, Toh J, et al. Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Density Increases With Increasing Histopathological Severity of Crohn\u2019s Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2022;28(4):586\u201398.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3790_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae300","volume":"64","author":"S Henning","year":"2025","unstructured":"Henning S, Reimers T, Abdulahad W, Fierro JJ, Doornbos-van der Meer B, Bootsma H, Horvath B, de Leeuw K, Westra J. Low-density granulocytes and neutrophil extracellular trap formation are increased in incomplete systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2025;64(3):1234\u201342.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3790_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8972","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09337-4","volume":"7","author":"B Pan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pan B, Alam HB, Chong W, Mobley J, Liu B, Deng Q, Liang Y, Wang Y, Chen E, Wang T, et al. CitH3: a reliable blood biomarker for diagnosis and treatment of endotoxic shock. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8972.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3790_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62788-6","volume":"16","author":"W Ouyang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ouyang W, Chen Y, Tan T, Song Y, Dong T, Yu X, Lee KE, Zhou X, Tetz Z, Go S, et al. A citrullinated histone H3 monoclonal antibody for immune modulation in sepsis. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):7435.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"3790_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-10-200905190-00004","volume":"150","author":"K de Groot","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Groot K, Harper L, Jayne DR, Flores Suarez LF, Gregorini G, Gross WL, Luqmani R, Pusey CD, Rasmussen N, Sinico RA, et al. Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(10):670\u201380.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3790_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00718-8","volume":"18","author":"RA Watts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Watts RA, Hatemi G, Burns JC, Mohammad AJ. Global epidemiology of vasculitis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022;18(1):22\u201334.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3790_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203927","volume":"74","author":"J Robson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robson J, Doll H, Suppiah R, Flossmann O, Harper L, H\u00f6glund P, Jayne D, Mahr A, Westman K, Luqmani R. Damage in the anca-associated vasculitides: long-term data from the European vasculitis study group (EUVAS) therapeutic trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(1):177\u201384.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"3790_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.131038","volume":"41","author":"AJ Mohammad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohammad AJ, Segelmark M. A population-based study showing better renal prognosis for proteinase 3 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated nephritis versus myeloperoxidase ANCA-associated nephritis. J Rheumatol. 2014;41(7):1366\u201373.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Research & Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13075-026-03790-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-026-03790-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13075-026-03790-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T03:03:12Z","timestamp":1780023792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13075-026-03790-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-026-03790-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-6362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (IRB number 4-2016-0901). All patients provided written informed consent upon enrolment in the cohort (at the time of AAV diagnosis and blood sampling).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"122"}}