{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:53:34Z","timestamp":1778907214581,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Umea University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetol Metab Syndr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main inhibitor of the fibrinolytic system and is mainly secreted from adipose tissue. It is associated with cardiovascular disease and has also been considered a possible early risk marker for type 2 diabetes. Here, we present the results of a large prospective study investigating PAI-1 levels in relation to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a prospective incident case-referent study within the V\u00e4sterbotten Intervention Programme (VIP). Data on cardiovascular risk factors, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-hour plasma glucose (2-hPG) were collected at baseline health examination 1990\u20132005. Blood samples were collected and stored for future analyses. Participants were followed and 484 cases developed type 2 diabetes. Referents without type 2 diabetes were matched for sex, age, and year of participation,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009484. Baseline plasma samples were analysed for PAI-1. Subgroup analysis was performed for 201 cases and 201 matched referents with normal baseline glucose levels (FPG\u2009&lt;\u20096.1 and 2hPG\u2009&lt;\u20098.9 mmol\/L).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated baseline levels of PAI-1 were associated with incident type 2 diabetes after adjustments for BMI, family history of diabetes, smoking status, hypertension, FPG and 2hPG (PAI-1; OR\u2009=\u20091.87, 95% CI: 1.06\u20133.29). A similar result was shown in the subgroup analysis with 201 participants who had normal glucose levels at time of the health examination (PAI-1; OR\u2009=\u20092.68, 95% CI: 1.03\u20136.95).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated PAI-1 levels in non-diabetic persons precede the manifestation of type 2 diabetes and can be detected before an elevation of FPG or 2-hPG is observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01629-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T04:30:08Z","timestamp":1739853008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Elevated levels of PAI-1 precede the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jenny","family":"Hernest\u00e5l-Boman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"\u00d6hman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan-H\u00e5kan","family":"Jansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus M.","family":"Lind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olov","family":"Rolandsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingvar A.","family":"Bergdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"1629_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010492","volume":"345","author":"FB Hu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, et al. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(11):790\u20137. PubMed PMID: 11556298.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1629_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-11-152","volume":"11","author":"J Hernest\u00e5l-Boman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hernest\u00e5l-Boman J, Norberg M, Jansson JH, Eliasson M, Eriksson JW, Lindahl B, et al. Signs of dysregulated fibrinolysis precede the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a population-based study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2012;11:152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2840-11-152. Epub 2012\/12\/18.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"14","key":"1629_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.616177","volume":"113","author":"A Festa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Festa A, Williams K, Tracy RP, Wagenknecht LE, Haffner SM. Progression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibrinogen levels in relation to incident type 2 diabetes. Circulation. 2006;113(14):1753\u20139. PubMed PMID: 16585388.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1629_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-10-23","volume":"10","author":"Z Al-Hamodi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Al-Hamodi Z, Ismail IS, Saif-Ali R, Ahmed KA, Muniandy S. Association of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue plasminogen activator with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in Malaysian subjects. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011;10:23. PubMed PMID: 21414238.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"1629_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thorand B, Baumert J, Chambless L, Meisinger C, Kolb H, D\u00f6ring A et al. Elevated markers of endothelial dysfunction predict type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men and women from the general population. 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PubMed PMID: 11333990.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Diabetology &amp; Metabolic Syndrome"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01629-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01629-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01629-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T04:30:13Z","timestamp":1739853013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01629-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01629-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5366131\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1758-5996"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-5996","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"61"}}