{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T11:19:20Z","timestamp":1781781560367,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetol Metab Syndr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01869-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T04:27:58Z","timestamp":1755145678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Carotenoid and peptide supplementation from Caulerpa sp. (sea grapes) extract mitigate metabolic syndrome in cholesterol-enriched diet rats via modulation of gut microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rudy","family":"Kurniawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahrul","family":"Nurkolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agussalim","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andi Yasmin","family":"Syauki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burhanudin","family":"Bahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andi Makbul","family":"Aman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurpudji Astuti","family":"Taslim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1869_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00563-5","volume":"10","author":"IJ Neeland","year":"2024","unstructured":"Neeland IJ, Lim S, Tchernof A, et al. Metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024;10:77.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"1869_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-014-9293-9","volume":"15","author":"A Stan\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stan\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1 A, Laakso M. Genetics of metabolic syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2014;15:243\u201352.","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"1869_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020786","volume":"23","author":"G Fahed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fahed G, Aoun L, Bou Zerdan M, et al. Metabolic syndrome: updates on pathophysiology and management in 2021. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:786.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1869_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.06.005","volume":"13","author":"R Kumari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumari R, Kumar S, Kant R. An update on metabolic syndrome: metabolic risk markers and adipokines in the development of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13:2409\u201317.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"1869_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hayden MR. Overview and new insights into the metabolic syndrome: risk factors and emerging variables in the development of type 2 diabetes and cerebrocardiovascular disease. Med (Kaunas). 2023;59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59030561.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59030561"},{"key":"1869_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focha.2023.100335","volume":"3","author":"SM Mohamed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohamed SM, Shalaby MA, El-Shiekh RA, et al. Metabolic syndrome: risk factors, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management with natural approaches. Food Chem Adv. 2023;3:100335.","journal-title":"Food Chem Adv"},{"key":"1869_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020429","volume":"13","author":"G Caprara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Caprara G. Mediterranean-type dietary pattern and physical activity: the winning combination to counteract the rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Nutrients. 2021;13:429.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1869_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2022.108991","volume":"105","author":"L Anto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anto L, Blesso CN. Interplay between diet, the gut microbiome, and atherosclerosis: role of dysbiosis and microbial metabolites on inflammation and disordered lipid metabolism. J Nutr Biochem. 2022;105:108991.","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"1869_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051389","volume":"13","author":"S Croci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Croci S, D\u2019Apolito LI, Gasperi V, et al. Dietary strategies for management of metabolic syndrome: role of gut microbiota metabolites. Nutrients. 2021;13:1389.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1869_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olalekan SO, Bakare OO, Osonuga IO, et al. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites: implications for metabolic syndrome and therapeutic interventions. Egypt J Intern Med. 2024;36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43162-024-00342-4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43162-024-00342-4"},{"key":"1869_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13050392","volume":"13","author":"L Pires","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pires L, Gonz\u00e1lez-Param\u00e1s AM, Heleno SA, Calhelha RC. The role of gut microbiota in the etiopathogenesis of multiple chronic diseases. Antibiot (Basel). 2024;13:392.","journal-title":"Antibiot (Basel)"},{"key":"1869_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030640","volume":"15","author":"D Ambroselli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ambroselli D, Masciulli F, Romano E, et al. New advances in metabolic syndrome, from prevention to treatment: the role of diet and food. Nutrients. 2023;15:640.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1869_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082890","volume":"21","author":"M Green","year":"2020","unstructured":"Green M, Arora K, Prakash S. Microbial medicine: prebiotic and probiotic functional foods to target obesity and metabolic syndrome. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:2890.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1869_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma ZF, Fu C, Lee YY. The modulatory role of bioactive compounds in functional foods on inflammation and metabolic pathways in chronic diseases. Foods [Internet]. 2025;14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14050821","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14050821"},{"key":"1869_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12088","DOI":"10.3390\/app132112088","volume":"13","author":"TRL Senadheera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Senadheera TRL, Hossain A, Shahidi F. Marine bioactives and their application in the food industry: A review. Appl Sci (Basel). 2023;13:12088.","journal-title":"Appl Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"1869_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3390\/md20030208","volume":"20","author":"I Ahmed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmed I, Asgher M, Sher F, et al. Exploring marine as a rich source of bioactive peptides: challenges and opportunities from marine Pharmacology. Mar Drugs. 2022;20:208.","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"1869_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-024-03341-8","volume":"36","author":"N Ive\u0161a","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ive\u0161a N, Buri\u0107 P, Bur\u0161i\u0107 M, et al. A review on nutrients, phytochemicals, health benefits and applications of the green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa (Forssk\u00e5l) J. Agardh. J Appl Phycol. 2024;36:3451\u201373.","journal-title":"J Appl Phycol"},{"key":"1869_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-016-0912-6","volume":"29","author":"C de Gaillande","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Gaillande C, Payri C, Remoissenet G, Zubia M. Caulerpa consumption, nutritional value and farming in the Indo-Pacific region. J Appl Phycol. 2017;29:2249\u201366.","journal-title":"J Appl Phycol"},{"key":"1869_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012021","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/517\/1\/012021","volume":"517","author":"AM Tapotubun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tapotubun AM, Matrutty TEAA, Riry J, et al. Seaweed Caulerpa Sp position as functional food. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2020;517:012021.","journal-title":"IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci"},{"key":"1869_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nurkolis F, Hardinsyah, Yusuf VM, Yusuf M, Kusuma RJ, Gunawan WB, et al. Metabolomic profiling, in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of Caulerpa racemosa: Functional food of the future from algae [Internet]. Research Square. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2158307\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2158307\/v1"},{"key":"1869_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangpairoj K, Pranweerapaiboon K, Saengkhae C, Meemon K, Niamnont N, Tamtin M, et al. Extracts of tropical green seaweed Caulerpa lentillifera reduce hepatic lipid accumulation by modulating lipid metabolism molecules in HepG2 cells. Heliyon. 2024;10:e27635.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27635"},{"key":"1869_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manmuan S, Sirirak T, Tubtimsri S, Petchsomrit A, Chuenbarn T. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxic effects of Caulerpa lentillifera extracts inducing cell apoptosis and sub-G\/G0-G1 cell cycle arrest in KON oral cancer cells. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2025;25:101.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-025-04835-9"},{"key":"1869_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manoppo JIC, Nurkolis F, Pramono A, Ardiaria M, Murbawani EA, Yusuf M, et al. Amelioration of obesity-related metabolic disorders via supplementation of Caulerpa lentillifera in rats fed with a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. Front Nutr. 2022;9:1010867.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1010867"},{"key":"1869_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Permatasari HK, Firani NK, Prijadi B, Irnandi DF, Riawan W, Yusuf M, et al. Kombucha drink enriched with sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) as potential functional beverage to contrast obesity: An in vivo and in vitro approach. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022;49:232\u201340.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.04.015"},{"key":"1869_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Santamarina A, Miranda JM, Mondragon ADC, Lamas A, Cardelle-Cobas A, Franco CM, et al. Potential use of marine seaweeds as prebiotics: A review. Molecules. 2020;25:1004.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25041004"},{"key":"1869_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherry P, Yadav S, Strain CR, Allsopp PJ, McSorley EM, Ross RP, et al. Prebiotics from seaweeds: An ocean of opportunity? Mar Drugs. 2019;17:327.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17060327"},{"key":"1869_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Q, Huang H, Yang Y, Yang X, Li X, Zhong W, et al. Reinventing gut health: leveraging dietary bioactive compounds for the prevention and treatment of diseases. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1491821.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1491821"},{"key":"1869_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eroglu A, Al\u2019Abri IS, Kopec RE, Crook N, Bohn T. Carotenoids and their health benefits as derived via their interactions with gut Microbiota. Adv Nutr. 2023;14:238\u201355.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2022.10.007"},{"key":"1869_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mayulu N, Gunawan WB, Park MN, et al. Sulfated polysaccharide from Caulerpa racemosa attenuates the obesity-induced cardiometabolic syndrome via regulating the PRMT1-DDAH-ADMA with mTOR-SIRT1-AMPK pathways and gut microbiota modulation. Antioxid (Basel). 2023;12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12081555.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081555"},{"key":"1869_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nurkolis F, Taslim NA, Subali D, et al. Dietary supplementation of Caulerpa racemosa ameliorates cardiometabolic syndrome via regulation of PRMT-1\/DDAH\/ADMA pathway and gut Microbiome in mice. Nutrients. 2023;15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15040909.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040909"},{"key":"1869_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurniawan R, Nurkolis F, Taslim NA, et al. Carotenoids composition of green algae Caulerpa racemosa and their antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Molecules. 2023;28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28073267.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28073267"},{"key":"1869_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fufo.2024.100354","volume":"9","author":"R Kurniawan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kurniawan R, Taslim NA, Hardinsyah H, et al. Pharmacoinformatics and cellular studies of algal peptides as functional molecules to modulate type-2 diabetes markers. Future Foods. 2024;9:100354.","journal-title":"Future Foods"},{"key":"1869_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18539-2_6","volume-title":"Fundamentals of clinical trials","author":"LM Friedman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Friedman LM, Furberg CD, DeMets DL, et al. The randomization process. Fundamentals of clinical trials. Cham: Springer International Publishing 2015:123\u201345."},{"key":"1869_CR34","unstructured":"Laurence DR, Bacharach AL. Evaluation of drug activities: pharmacometrics. Elsevier; 2013."},{"key":"1869_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939073","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.939073","volume":"9","author":"HK Permatasari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Permatasari HK, Nurkolis F, Hardinsyah H, et al. Metabolomic assay, computational screening, and Pharmacological evaluation of Caulerpa racemosa as an anti-obesity with anti-aging by altering lipid profile and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 coactivator 1-\u03b1 levels. Front Nutr. 2022;9:939073.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"1869_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nurkolis F, Kurniawan R, Kurniatanty I, et al. New insight on in vitro biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides from ulvophyte green algae. Molecules. 2023;28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28114531.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28114531"},{"key":"1869_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010159","volume":"13","author":"GD Dimitriadis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dimitriadis GD, Maratou E, Kountouri A, et al. Regulation of postabsorptive and postprandial glucose metabolism by insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms: an integrative approach. Nutrients. 2021;13:159.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1869_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000696","volume":"133","author":"P-X Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang P-X, Deng X-R, Zhang C-H, Yuan H-J. Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133:808\u201316.","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"1869_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00694","volume":"11","author":"M Sharifi-Rad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharifi-Rad M, Anil Kumar NV, Zucca P, et al. Lifestyle, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: back and forth in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases. Front Physiol. 2020;11:694.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1869_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.02.002","volume":"148","author":"V Rani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rani V, Deep G, Singh RK, et al. Oxidative stress and metabolic disorders: pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Life Sci. 2016;148:183\u201393.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1869_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14050821","volume":"9","author":"JS Teodoro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Teodoro JS, Nunes S, Rolo AP, et al. Therapeutic options targeting oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation to hinder the progression of vascular complications of diabetes. Front Physiol. 2018;9(1):1857.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"}],"container-title":["Diabetology &amp; Metabolic Syndrome"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01869-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01869-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01869-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T22:14:39Z","timestamp":1757456079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01869-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01869-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-5996"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-5996","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics, consent to participate, and consent to publish declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"All procedures adhered strictly to the Guidelines for Reporting In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) and has also been reviewed-accepted in the Preclinical Trials Study Register with number PCTE0000492, and has obtained ethical approval from UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta (Approval No. 2390.3\/Un.02\/L3\/TL\/06\/2025).","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional review board statement"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"333"}}