{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T04:46:28Z","timestamp":1782017188279,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030902","name":"Martin-Luther-Universit\u00e4t Halle-Wittenberg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030902","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetol Metab Syndr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Type-2 diabetes is treated by general practitioners and diabetologists in a stepwise manner with an emphasis on lifestyle modifications. Glucose monitoring is mandatory to gauge the effect of lifestyle modifications or medical therapies in order to identify the need for therapy escalation, if treatment goals are not met. To date, three-monthly hemoglobin A1c measurements have been conducted for this purpose in the majority of non-insulin-dependent type-2 diabetes patients in Germany. Here, we review the role of continuous glucose monitoring in combination with nutrition counseling to offer a biofeedback. In addition, we present the rationale for a hypothesis-generating study that randomizes continuous glucose monitoring or no continuous glucose monitoring to the standard of nutrition counseling in individuals with prediabetes or non-insulin-dependent type-2 diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01976-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T03:58:31Z","timestamp":1760587111000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Continuous glucose monitoring in non-insulin-dependent type-2 diabetes \u2013 rationale for CGM-NIDDM study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Carolin","family":"R\u00e4del","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Wienke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer U","family":"Pliquett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1976_CR1","first-page":"35914061","volume-title":"IDF diabetes atlas 10th edition scientific committee. IDF DIABETES ATLAS [Internet]","author":"DJ Magliano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Magliano DJ, Boyko EJ. IDF diabetes atlas 10th edition scientific committee. IDF DIABETES ATLAS [Internet]. 10th ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2021. p. 35914061.","edition":"10"},{"key":"1976_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-019-03068-9","volume":"63","author":"C Schmidt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schmidt C, Reitzle L, Dre\u00df J, Rommel A, Ziese T, Heidemann C. Pr\u00e4valenz und Inzidenz des dokumentierten diabetes mellitus \u2013 Referenzauswertung f\u00fcr die diabetes-Surveillance auf basis von Daten aller gesetzlich krankenversicherten. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2020;63:93\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-019-03068-9.","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsbl"},{"key":"1976_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T\u00f6nnies T, R\u00f6ckl S, Hoyer A, Heidemann C, Baumert J, Du Y, Scheidt-Nave C. Brinks. Projected number of people with diagnosed Type 2 diabetes in Germany in 2040. Diabetic Medicine. 2019;36:1217\u20131225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.13902. PMID: 30659656.","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13902"},{"key":"1976_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0034","volume":"45","author":"MJ Davies","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, Gabbay RA, Green J, Maruthur NM, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2022;45:2753\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci22-0034.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"Supplement1","key":"1976_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-SREV","volume":"48","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; Summary of Revisions","year":"2025","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; Summary of Revisions. Standards of care in Diabetes\u20142025. Diabetes Care. 2025;48(Supplement1):S6\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc25-SREV.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1976_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferreira ROM, Trevisan T, Pasqualotto E, Chavez MP, Marques BF, Lamounier RN, van de Sande-Lee S. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems in Noninsulin-Treated People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2024;26:252\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/dia.2023.0390. PMID: 38090767.","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2023.0390"},{"key":"1976_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2035","volume":"39","author":"B Kovatchev","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kovatchev B, Cobelli C. Glucose variability: timing, risk analysis, and relationship to hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:502\u201310.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1976_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nationale Diabetes-Surveillance am Robert Koch-Institut. Diabetes in Deutschland \u2013 Bericht der Nationalen Diabetes-Surveillance. Robert Koch-Institut Berlin. 2019:. ISBN 978-3-89606-302-1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25646\/6284","DOI":"10.25646\/6284"},{"key":"1976_CR9","first-page":"379","volume":"18","author":"C Jenssen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jenssen C, Pietsch C. Station\u00e4re patienten Mit der nebendiagnose diabetes mellitus: klinische relevanz. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2022;18:379\u201388.","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"1976_CR10","unstructured":"Lehmann B, Dudey S, Priess HW, Reinacher U, M\u00fcller UA. Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 in Brandenburg - Verbreitung, Versorgung, Vermeidung. Beitr\u00e4ge zur Sozial und Gesundheitsberichterstattung Nr. 9 (Internet). 2019;ISSN 1619\u2013568x. https:\/\/lavg.brandenburg.de\/sixcms\/media.php\/9\/MASGF-Diabetesbericht.pdf"},{"key":"1976_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baumert J, Paprott R, Du Y, Heidemann C, Scheidt-Nave C. Selbsteingesch\u00e4tzte Versorgungsqualit\u00e4t Bei erwachsenen Mit diagnostiziertem diabetes in Deutschland. J Health Monit. 2021;6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25646\/8328.","DOI":"10.25646\/8328"},{"key":"1976_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.09.025","volume":"122","author":"M Ohara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ohara M, Fukui T, Ouchi M, Watanabe K, Suzuki T, Yamamoto S, Yamamoto T, Hayashi T, Oba K, Hirano T. Relationship between daily and day-to-day glycemic variability and increased oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;122:62\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.09.025.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1976_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stolar M. Glycemic control and complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The American Journal of Medicine. 2010;123:S3-11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.12.004. 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BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8(e001115):1\u20132.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"1976_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1600","volume":"40","author":"T Danne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Danne T, Nimri R, Battelino T, Bergenstal RM, Close KL, DeVries JH, Garg S, Heinemann L, Hirsch I, Amiel SA, Beck R, Bosi E, Buckingham B, Cobelli C, Dassau E, Doyle FJ 3rd, Heller S, Hovorka R, Jia W, Jones T, Kordonouri O, Kovatchev B, Kowalski A, Laffel L, Maahs D, Murphy HR, N\u00f8rgaard K, Parkin CG, Renard E, Saboo B, Scharf M, Tamborlane WV, Weinzimer SA, Phillip M. International consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. 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Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1928\u201332.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1976_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111899","volume":"217","author":"D Lau","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lau D, Manca DP, Singh P, Perry T, Olu-Jordan I, Ryan Zhang J, et al. The effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring with remote telemonitoring-enabled virtual educator visits in adults with non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024;217:111899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111899.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1976_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-021-01086-y","volume":"12","author":"DA Price","year":"2021","unstructured":"Price DA, Deng Q, Kipnes M, Beck SE. Episodic real-time CGM use in adults with type 2 diabetes: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Ther. 2021;12:2089\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13300-021-01086-y.","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"}],"container-title":["Diabetology &amp; Metabolic Syndrome"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01976-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01976-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01976-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T03:58:33Z","timestamp":1760587113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01976-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01976-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-5996"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-5996","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"In the present review, no human subjects or patients were studied, hence, ethical approval and consent to participate was not sought. For the planned randomized clinical trial, Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval will be obtained prior to study commencement.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"397"}}