{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T22:22:00Z","timestamp":1782944520947,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetol Metab Syndr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-02034-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T10:15:28Z","timestamp":1764843328000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations between diabetes mellitus and drinking patterns in Korean adults by sex: insights from the Korea National health and nutrition examination survey 2013\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hyunsoo","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon-Seok","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Mo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10027","key":"2034_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00618-8","volume":"387","author":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)","year":"2016","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. Lancet. 2016;387(10027):1513\u201330.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2034_CR2","unstructured":"IDF Diabetes Atlas. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 2021 10th edition. Available from: https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/atlas\/tenth-edition\/ Accessed August 1, 2022."},{"issue":"5","key":"2034_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2018.0017","volume":"42","author":"JC Won","year":"2018","unstructured":"Won JC, Lee JH, Kim JH, Kang ES, Won KC, Kim DJ, et al. Diabetes fact sheet in Korea, 2016: an appraisal of current status. Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(5):415\u201324.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2034_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2019.0067","volume":"43","author":"BY Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim BY, Won JC, Lee JH, Kim HS, Park JH, Ha KH, et al. Diabetes fact sheets in Korea, 2018: an appraisal of current status. Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(4):487\u201394.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2034_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2022.0106","volume":"46","author":"JH Bae","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bae JH, Han KD, Ko SH, Yang YS, Choi JH, Choi KM, et al. Diabetes fact sheet in Korea 2021. Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(3):417\u201326.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2034_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2020.0254","volume":"45","author":"CH Jung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jung CH, Son JW, Kang S, Kim WJ, Kim HS, Kim HS, et al. Diabetes fact sheets in Korea, 2020: an appraisal of current status. Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"9","key":"2034_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70240","volume":"45","author":"S Romeo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Romeo S, Valenti L. Fifteen years of PNPLA3: transforming hepatology through human genetics. Liver Int. 2025;45(9):e70240.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"13","key":"2034_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7347","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922344117","volume":"117","author":"PK Luukkonen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luukkonen PK, Dufour S, Lyu K, Zhang XM, Hakkarainen A, Lehtim\u00e4ki TE, et al. Effect of a ketogenic diet on hepatic steatosis and hepatic mitochondrial metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(13):7347\u201354.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"6","key":"2034_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.11.003","volume":"22","author":"M Kalligeros","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kalligeros M, Vassilopoulos A, Vassilopoulos S, Victor DW, Mylonakis E, Noureddin M. Prevalence of steatotic liver disease (MASLD, MetALD, and ALD) in the United States: NHANES 2017\u20132020. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;22(6):1330-1332.e4.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2034_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10620-y","volume":"18","author":"MM Ram\u00edrez-Mej\u00eda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Mej\u00eda MM, Jim\u00e9nez-Guti\u00e9rrez C, Eslam M, George J, M\u00e9ndez-S\u00e1nchez N. Breaking new ground: MASLD vs. MAFLD-which holds the key for risk stratification? Hepatol Int. 2024;18(1):168\u201378.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2034_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10542-9","volume":"17","author":"A Ramandi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramandi A, George J, Merat S, Jafari E, Sharafkhah M, Radmard AR, et al. Polypill protects MAFLD patients from cardiovascular events and mortality: a prospective trial. Hepatol Int. 2023;17(4):882\u20138.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"2034_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0227","volume":"32","author":"DO Baliunas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baliunas DO, Taylor BJ, Irving H, Roerecke M, Patra J, Mohapatra S, et al. Alcohol as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(11):2123\u201332.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2034_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.114389","volume":"103","author":"XH Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li XH, Yu FF, Zhou YH, He J. Association between alcohol consumption and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(3):818\u201329.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"10152","key":"2034_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31310-2","volume":"392","author":"GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators","year":"2018","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2018;392(10152):1015\u201335.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2034_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11681-0","volume":"21","author":"X Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu X, Liu X, Liao W, Kang N, Dong X, Abdulai T, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural China. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1644.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2034_CR16","first-page":"47","volume":"47","author":"S Ko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ko S, Sohn A. Behaviors and culture of drinking among Korean people. Iran J Public Health. 2018;47(Suppl 1):47\u201356.","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2034_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e23","volume":"33","author":"SA Choe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choe SA, Yoo S, JeKarl J, Kim KK. Recent trend and associated factors of harmful alcohol use based on age and gender in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2018;33(4):e23.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2034_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S002","volume":"45","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2022","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(Suppl 1):S17\u201338.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"2034_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.7.1183","volume":"20","author":"The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus","year":"1997","unstructured":"The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(7):1183\u201397.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2034_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac085","volume":"107","author":"S Subramanian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Subramanian S. Approach to the patient with moderate hypertriglyceridemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(6):1686\u201397.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"25","key":"2034_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143","volume":"106","author":"National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)","year":"2002","unstructured":"National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert panel on Detection, Evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult treatment panel III). Third report of the National cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on Detection, Evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult treatment panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106(25):3143\u2013421.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9403","key":"2034_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15268-3","volume":"363","author":"WHO Expert Consultation","year":"2004","unstructured":"WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363(9403):157\u201363.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2034_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0182-6","volume":"12","author":"M Roerecke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roerecke M, Rehm J. Alcohol consumption, drinking patterns, and ischemic heart disease: a narrative review of meta-analyses and a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of heavy drinking occasions on risk for moderate drinkers. BMC Med. 2014;12:182.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2034_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1556","volume":"38","author":"IC Schrieks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schrieks IC, Heil AL, Hendriks HF, Mukamal KJ, Beulens JW. The effect of alcohol consumption on insulin sensitivity and glycemic status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(4):723\u201332.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"2034_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2000.00387.x","volume":"17","author":"S Carlsson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Carlsson S, Hammar N, Efendic S, Persson PG, Ostenson CG, Grill V. Alcohol consumption, type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in middle-aged Swedish men. Diabet Med. 2000;17(11):776\u201381.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2034_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.3.719","volume":"28","author":"LL Koppes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koppes LL, Dekker JM, Hendriks HF, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(3):719\u201325.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7224","key":"2034_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7224.1523","volume":"319","author":"EB Rimm","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rimm EB, Williams P, Fosher K, Criqui M, Stampfer MJ. Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors. BMJ. 1999;319(7224):1523\u20138.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2034_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2012.02532.x","volume":"272","author":"JW Beulens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, Bergmann MM, Rohrmann S, Schulze MB, Buijsse B, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in European men and women: influence of beverage type and body size the EPIC-InterAct study. J Intern Med. 2012;272(4):358\u201370.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"2034_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.22.2437","volume":"166","author":"A Di Castelnuovo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Di Castelnuovo A, Costanzo S, Bagnardi V, Donati MB, Iacoviello L, de Gaetano G. Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(22):2437\u201345.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2034_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.10.003","volume":"33","author":"K Sun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sun K, Ren M, Liu D, Wang C, Yang C, Yan L. Alcohol consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(4):596\u2013602.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"2034_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5717","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115717","volume":"22","author":"J Hyun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hyun J, Han J, Lee C, Yoon M, Jung Y. Pathophysiological aspects of alcohol metabolism in the liver. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(11):5717.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2034_CR32","first-page":"245","volume":"29","author":"S Zakhari","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zakhari S. Overview: how is alcohol metabolized by the body? Alcohol Res Health. 2006;29(4):245\u201354.","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"2034_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-713","volume":"10","author":"C Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu C, Yu Z, Li H, Wang J, Sun L, Qi Q, Lin X. Associations of alcohol consumption with diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glycemia among middle-aged and elderly Chinese. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:713.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2034_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6433","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126433","volume":"18","author":"SW Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee SW, Jang SI. Association of alcohol drinking patterns with metabolic syndrome and its components in Korean adults: the Korea National health and nutrition examination survey 2016\u20132018. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(12):6433.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"2034_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.10.2390","volume":"50","author":"KM Conigrave","year":"2001","unstructured":"Conigrave KM, Hu BF, Camargo CA Jr, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Rimm EB. A prospective study of drinking patterns in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes among men. Diabetes. 2001;50(10):2390\u20135.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"2034_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-6-200403160-00011","volume":"140","author":"AA Howard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Howard AA, Arnsten JH, Gourevitch MN. Effect of alcohol consumption on diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(3):211\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"2034_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005385","volume":"96","author":"EY Rha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rha EY, Kim HJ, Han K, Park Y, Yoo G. Gender-specific relationship between alcohol consumption and injury in the South Korean adults. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(14):e5385.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2034_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.1.217","volume":"80","author":"YS Yoon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yoon YS, Oh SW, Baik HW, Park HS, Kim WY. Alcohol consumption and the metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: the 1998 Korean National health and nutrition examination survey. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(1):217\u201324.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13098-025-02034-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13098-025-02034-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13098-025-02034-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:21:56Z","timestamp":1767795716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13098-025-02034-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-025-02034-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-5996"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-5996","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All survey procedures received approval from the institutional review board of the KCDC, and all participants provided written informed consent before survey participation. This study was additionally approved by the institutional review board of Chosun University which waived the informed consent requirement (IRB No. 2-1041055-AB-N-01-2025-20). All methods were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9"}}