{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:04:13Z","timestamp":1781625853511,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010804","name":"Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Gastroenterological Association of Thailand"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut Pathog"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alteration in the gut microbiota has been proposed in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pathogenesis, especially in the diarrheal type (IBS-D). We conducted this study to evaluate the fecal microbiota in Thai IBS-D patients when compared with healthy subjects as well as to evaluate the effects of probiotics on changes in the gut microbiota correlated with symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A matched case\u2013control study was conducted on diagnosed IBS-D patients, based on the Rome IV criteria and healthy controls. Stool samples were collected in preservation tubes. Bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid extraction was performed and amplified. Next, 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid genes sequencing was performed to identify the microbiome in both the groups. IBS-D patients were provided with a probiotic mixture that was rich in<jats:italic>Lactobacillus acidophillus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Bifidobacterium bifidum<\/jats:italic>over 8\u00a0weeks. Changes in the symptoms, stool characteristics, and fecal microbiota were evaluated and compared with the corresponding baseline values.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty IBS-D patients with 20 age and gender-matched controls were included in this study. The baseline characteristics were not significantly different between the groups, including the mode of birth and the history of breastfeeding in infancy. No significant difference was noted in the fecal microbiota between the IBS-D patients and controls. The IBS symptom severity scales (IBS-SSS) were not statistically different after probiotic prescription; although, the bowel movements, the sense of urgency to go to the toilet and passing of mucous stool had obviously decreased. No change was noted in the fecal microbiota after receiving the experimental probiotic, except for an increase in the proportion of<jats:italic>B. bifidum.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alteration in the gut microbiota composition was probably not the main pathogenic mechanism in the Thai IBS-D patients assessed in this study. However, modifying microbiomes with potentially protective bacteria seems to be a beneficial therapy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Thai Clinical trial registry<\/jats:italic>: TCTR20191211006, Date of registration: 10 Dec 2019. Retrospectively registered, Clinical trial URL:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.in.th\">www.clinicaltrials.in.th<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-021-00406-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T09:06:19Z","timestamp":1614762379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["No distinction in the gut microbiota between diarrhea predominant-irritable bowel syndrome and healthy subjects: matched case\u2013control study in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6902-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sawangpong","family":"Jandee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suppana","family":"Chuensakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suppasil","family":"Maneerat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"406_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.8.929","volume":"163","author":"SA Leong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leong SA, Barghout V, Birnbaum HG, et al. The economic consequences of irritable bowel syndrome: a US employer perspective. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:929\u201335.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"406_CR2","first-page":"71","volume":"6","author":"C Canavan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Canavan C, West J, Card T. The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Epidemiol. 2014;6:71\u201380.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"406_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2010.16.4.389","volume":"16","author":"FY Chang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chang FY, Lu CL, Chen TS. The current prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in Asia. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010;16:389\u2013400.","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"406_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.296.6638.1710","author":"D Danivat","year":"1988","unstructured":"Danivat D, Tankeyoon M, Sriratanaban A. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in a non-Western population. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.296.6638.1710.","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"406_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.031","volume":"150","author":"BE Lacy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lacy BE, Mearin F, Chang L, et al. Bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1393\u2013407.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"406_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30023-1","volume":"1","author":"GJ Holtmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holtmann GJ, Ford AC, Talley NJ. Pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;1:133\u201346.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"406_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.043257-0","volume":"156","author":"A Salonen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Salonen A, de Vos WM, Palva A. Gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: present state and perspective. Microbiology. 2010;156:3205\u201315.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"406_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40312.x","volume":"100","author":"E Malinen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Malinen E, Rinttila T, Kajander K, et al. Analysis of the fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls with real-time PCR. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:373\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"406_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2017.01.142","volume":"49","author":"HN Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu HN, Wu H, Chen YZ, Chen YJ, Shen XZ, Liu TT. Altered molecular signature of intestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome patients compared with healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis. 2017;49:331\u20137.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"406_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15001","volume":"48","author":"F Ac","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ac F, Harris LA, Lacy BE, Quigley EMM, Moayyedi P. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and antibiotics in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48:1044\u201360.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"406_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.142318000.x","volume":"11","author":"CY Francis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Francis CY, Morris J, Whorwell PJ. The irritable bowel severity scoring system: a simple method of monitoring irritable bowel syndrome and its progress. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1997;11:395\u2013402.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"406_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.56808\/3027-7922.2230","volume":"29","author":"W Leurmarnkul","year":"2005","unstructured":"Leurmarnkul W, Meetam P. Properties testing of the retranslated SF-36 (Thai Version). Thai J Pharm Sci. 2005;29:69\u201388.","journal-title":"Thai J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"406_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsec.2004.03.001","volume":"48","author":"T Vanhoutte","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vanhoutte T, Huys G, Brandt E, Swings J. Temporal stability analysis of the microbiota in human feces by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis using universal and group-specific 16S rRNA gene primers. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2004;48:437\u201346.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"406_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00805.x","volume":"35","author":"PM Dees","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dees PM, Ghiorse WC. Microbial diversity in hot synthetic compost as revealed by PCR-amplified rRNA sequences from cultivated isolates and extracted DNA. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2001;35:207\u201316.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"406_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02409.x","volume":"97","author":"T Rinttilla","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rinttilla T, Kassinen A, Malinen E, Krogius L, Palva A. Development of an extensive set of 16S rDNA-targeted primers for quantification of pathogenic and indigenous bacteria in faecal samples by real-time PCR. J Appl Microbiol. 2004;97:1166\u201377.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"406_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.25975-0","volume":"149","author":"E Malinen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Malinen E, Kassinen A, Rinttila T. Comparison of real-time PCR with SYBR Green I or 5\u2032- nuclease assays and dot-blot hybridization with rDNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes in quantification of selected faecal bacteria. Microbiology. 2003;149:269\u201377.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"406_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.6.2578-2585.2001","volume":"67","author":"J Walter","year":"2001","unstructured":"Walter J, Hertel C, Tannock GW, Lis CM, Munro K, Hammes WP. Detection of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella species in human feces by using group-specific PCR primers and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001;67:2578\u201385.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"406_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.10.4506-4512.1999","volume":"65","author":"T Matsuki","year":"1999","unstructured":"Matsuki T, Watanabe K, Tanaka R, Fukuda M, Oyaizu H. Distribution of bifidobacterial species in human intestinal microflora examined with 16S rRNA gene-targeted species-specific primers. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999;65:4506\u201312.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"406_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4740907","author":"V Mezzasalma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mezzasalma V, Manfrini E, Ferri E, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: the efficacy of multispecies probiotic supplementation in alleviating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome associated with constipation. Biomed Res Int. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/4740907.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"406_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.03.049","volume":"157","author":"R Pittayanon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pittayanon R, Lau JT, Yuan Y, et al. Gut microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome-a systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2019;157:97\u2013108.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"406_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7502","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7502","volume":"7","author":"N Hasan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hasan N, Yang H. Factors affecting the composition of the gut microbiota, and its modulation. PeerJ. 2019;7:e7502.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"406_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533615609899","volume":"30","author":"GA Cresci","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cresci GA, Bawden E. Gut microbiome: what we do and don\u2019t know. Nutr Clin Pract. 2015;30:734\u201346.","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"406_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.08.067","volume":"17","author":"TS Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong TS, Gupta A. Influence of early life, diet, and the environment on the microbiome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17:231\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"406_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1175-y","volume":"15","author":"RK Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh RK, Chang HW, Yan D, et al. Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J Transl Med. 2017;15:73.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"406_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00979","author":"A Riviere","year":"2016","unstructured":"Riviere A, Selak M, Lantin D, Frederic L, Vuyst LD. Bifidobacteria and butyrate-producing colon bacteria: importance and strategies for their stimulation in the human gut. Front Microbiol. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00979.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"406_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.05.003","volume":"153","author":"MI Pinto-Sanchez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pinto-Sanchez MI, Hall GB, Ghajar K, et al. Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 reduces depression scores and alters brain activity: a pilot study in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2017;153:448\u201359.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Gut Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00406-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00406-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00406-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,25]],"date-time":"2024-08-25T06:25:04Z","timestamp":1724567104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gutpathogens.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00406-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00406-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-4749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-4749","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Office of Human Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, and registered in the Thai clinical trials registry. Informed consents were obtained from all participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16"}}