{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,20]],"date-time":"2025-07-20T04:28:16Z","timestamp":1752985696990,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut Pathog"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Helicobacter cinaedi<\/jats:italic>are motile, gram-negative spiral rods with a natural reservoir in the intestinal tract of hamsters and rhesus monkeys. In humans,<jats:italic>H. cinaedi<\/jats:italic>has been reported in different human infections like fever, abdominal pain, gastroenteritis, proctitis, diarrhoea, erysipelas, cellulitis, arthritis, and neonatal meningitis typically diagnosed by positive blood cultures. Even though<jats:italic>H. cinaedi<\/jats:italic>has been detected from human blood and stool the entry of<jats:italic>H. cinaedi<\/jats:italic>into the blood stream was undocumented until quite recently. The use of pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) demonstrated that stool- and blood-derived<jats:italic>H. cinaedi<\/jats:italic>strains were consistent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we describe a rare Danish case of<jats:italic>H. cinaedi<\/jats:italic>bacteraemia in an immunocompetent 44-year-old male with diarrhoea. We isolated<jats:italic>H. cinaedi<\/jats:italic>from a blood culture taken at admission, and from a FecalSwab taken at day six despite ongoing antibiotic therapy. Next, we made a genetic comparison of both isolates by use of Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST)- and Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-analysis. The two isolates were identical with zero SNPs and by use of MLST the isolate was identified as a novel ST20, confirming previous data of the intestinal tract as a route of<jats:italic>H. cinaedi<\/jats:italic>bacteraemia. The results of our AST showed a resistance pattern with higher MICs for ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin than for ampicillin, amoxicillin, gentamicin, and imipenem. The patient was cured with targeted therapy with pivampicillin; however, the primary source of transmission was unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In conclusion, this case of<jats:italic>H. cinaedi<\/jats:italic>bacteraemia secondary to enterocolitis in an immunocompetent patient provide clear evidence that one route of infection occurs through translocation from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream.<jats:italic>Helicobacter cinaedi<\/jats:italic>from blood and faeces were identical with a novel ST20, resistant to ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin however, the patient was cured with oral pivampicillin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-021-00422-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T03:37:57Z","timestamp":1619149077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Helicobacter cinaedi bacteraemia secondary to enterocolitis in an immunocompetent patient"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sofie Larsen","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iben","family":"\u00d8rsted","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene Harder","family":"Tarpgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2370-417X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans Linde","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"422_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.1.131","volume":"151","author":"PA Totten","year":"1985","unstructured":"Totten PA, Fennell CL, Tenover FC, Wezenberg JM, Perine PL, Stamm WE, Holmes KK. Campylobacter cinaedi (sp. nov.) and Campylobacter fennelliae (sp. nov.): two new Campylobacter species associated with enteric disease in homosexual men. J Infect Dis. 1985;151:131\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"422_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-41-1-88","volume":"41","author":"P Vandamme","year":"1991","unstructured":"Vandamme P, Falsen E, Rossau R, Hoste B, Segers P, Tytgat R, De Ley J. Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1991;41:88\u2013103.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"key":"422_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.1908-1912.2002","volume":"40","author":"KR Fernandez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fernandez KR, Hansen LM, Vandamme P, Beaman BL, Solnick JV. Captive rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are commonly infected with Helicobacter cinaedi. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:1908\u201312.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"422_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.27.7.1692-1694.1989","volume":"27","author":"CJ Gebhart","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gebhart CJ, Fennell CL, Murtaugh MP, Stamm WE. Campylobacter cinaedi is normal intestinal flora in hamsters. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:1692\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"422_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/149.1.58","volume":"149","author":"CL Fennell","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fennell CL, Totten PA, Quinn TC, Patton DL, Holmes KK, Stamm WE. Characterization of Campylobacter-like organisms isolated from homosexual men. J Infect Dis. 1984;149:58\u201366.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"422_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12645","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12645","volume":"24","author":"A Menard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menard A, Smet A. Review: Other helicobacter species. Helicobacter. 2019;24(Suppl 1):e12645.","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"422_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00265-14","volume":"52","author":"H Araoka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Araoka H, Baba M, Kimura M, Abe M, Inagawa H, Yoneyama A. Clinical characteristics of bacteremia caused by Helicobacter cinaedi and time required for blood cultures to become positive. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:1519\u201322.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"422_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2014.06.007","volume":"20","author":"Y Kawamura","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kawamura Y, Tomida J, Morita Y, Fujii S, Okamoto T, Akaike T. Clinical and bacteriological characteristics of Helicobacter cinaedi infection. J Infect Chemother. 2014;20:517\u201326.","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"422_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12458","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12458","volume":"23","author":"H Araoka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Araoka H, Baba M, Okada C, Kimura M, Sato T, Yatomi Y, Moriya K, Yoneyama A. First evidence of bacterial translocation from the intestinal tract as a route of Helicobacter cinaedi bacteremia. Helicobacter. 2018;23:e12458.","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"422_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.05.008","volume":"83","author":"HL Nielsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nielsen HL, Ejlertsen T, Nielsen H. Polycarbonate filtration technique is noninferior to mCCDA for isolation of Campylobacter species from stool samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;83:11\u20132.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"422_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06810-11","volume":"50","author":"E Rimbara","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rimbara E, Mori S, Matsui M, Suzuki S, Wachino J, Kawamura Y, Shen Z, Fox JG, Shibayama K. Molecular epidemiologic analysis and antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter cinaedi isolated from seven hospitals in Japan. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:2553\u201360.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"422_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104984","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104984","volume":"9","author":"RS Kaas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaas RS, Leekitcharoenphon P, Aarestrup FM, Lund O. Solving the problem of comparing whole bacterial genomes across different sequencing platforms. PLoS One. 2014;9:e104984.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"422_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285800802010029","volume":"2","author":"H Holst","year":"2008","unstructured":"Holst H, Andresen K, Blom J, Hojlyng N, Kemp M, Krogfelt KA, Christensen JJ. A case of Helicobacter cinaedi bacteraemia in a previously healthy person with cellulitis. Open Microbiol J. 2008;2:29\u201331.","journal-title":"Open Microbiol J"},{"key":"422_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-208637","author":"HL Nielsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nielsen HL, Prag J, Krogfelt KA. Helicobacter cinaedi knee infection after arthroscopy in an immunocompetent patient. BMJ Case Rep. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2014-208637.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"422_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2006.03.004","volume":"28","author":"AJ Lastovica","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lastovica AJ. Emerging Campylobacter spp.: the tip of the iceberg. Clin Microbiol Newsl. 2006;28:49\u201356.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Newsl"},{"key":"422_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy114","volume":"67","author":"H Araoka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Araoka H, Baba M, Okada C, Kimura M, Sato T, Yatomi Y, Moriya K, Yoneyama A. Risk factors for recurrent Helicobacter cinaedi bacteremia and the efficacy of selective digestive decontamination with kanamycin to prevent recurrence. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67:573\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"422_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofz200","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz200","volume":"6","author":"O Sawada","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sawada O, Gotoh Y, Taniguchi T, Furukawa S, Yoshimura D, Sasaki S, Shida H, Kusunoki Y, Yamamura T, Furuya K, Itoh T, Horita T, Hayashi T, Misawa N. Genome Sequencing Verifies Relapsed Infection of Helicobacter cinaedi. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6:ofz200.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"422_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.2169\/naika.100.1385","volume":"100","author":"Y Tanaka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tanaka Y, Koshikawa T, Hamada I, Shibuya K, Watanabe K, Obata A, Takahashi H. Relapsing Helicobacter cinaedi bacteremia in a non-immunocompromised patient. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi. 2011;100:1385\u20137.","journal-title":"Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"422_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-86","volume":"6","author":"I U\u00e7kay","year":"2006","unstructured":"U\u00e7kay I, Garbino J, Dietrich PY, Ninet B, Rohner P, Jacomo V. Recurrent bacteremia with Helicobacter cinaedi: case report and review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis. 2006;6:86.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"422_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s13730-015-0207-9","volume":"5","author":"K Ito","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ito K, Yamamoto T, Nishio H, Sawaya A, Murakami M, Kitagawa A, Matsuo Y, Matsuo K, Tanaka S, Mori N. Bacteremic kidney cyst infection caused by Helicobacter cinaedi. CEN Case Rep. 2016;5:121\u20134.","journal-title":"CEN Case Rep"},{"key":"422_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2014.07.012","volume":"20","author":"S Mandai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mandai S, Kasagi Y, Kusaka K, Shikuma S, Akita W, Kuwahara M. Helicobacter cinaedi kidney cyst infection and bacteremia in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Infect Chemother. 2014;20:732\u20134.","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"422_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2503.180936","volume":"25","author":"T Suzuki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suzuki T, Kutsuna S, Tsuboi M, Ota M, Hayakawa K, Ohmagari N. Helicobacter cinaedi hepatic cyst infection with bacteremia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25:603\u20134.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"422_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01507-06","volume":"45","author":"T Kitamura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kitamura T, Kawamura Y, Ohkusu K, Masaki T, Iwashita H, Sawa T, Fujii S, Okamoto T, Akaike T. Helicobacter cinaedi cellulitis and bacteremia in immunocompetent hosts after orthopedic surgery. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:31\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"422_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01035-13","volume":"51","author":"E Rimbara","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rimbara E, Mori S, Kim H, Matsui M, Suzuki S, Takahashi S, Yamamoto S, Mukai M, Shibayama K. Helicobacter cinaedi and Helicobacter fennelliae transmission in a hospital from 2008 to 2012. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:2439\u201342.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"422_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.11.2940-2947.1995","volume":"33","author":"JA Kiehlbauch","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kiehlbauch JA, Brenner DJ, Cameron DN, Steigerwalt AG, Makowski JM, Baker CN, Patton CM, Wachsmuth IK. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Helicobacter cinaedi and Helicobacter fennelliae strains isolated from humans and animals. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2940\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"422_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2016.06.004","volume":"39","author":"Y Kawamura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kawamura Y, Tomida J, Miyoshi-Akiyama T, Okamoto T, Narita M, Hashimoto K, Cnockaert M, Vandamme P, Morita Y, Sawa T, Akaike T. Proposal of Helicobacter canicola sp. nov., previously identified as Helicobacter cinaedi, isolated from canines. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2016;39:307\u201312.","journal-title":"Syst Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"422_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12675","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12675","volume":"25","author":"Y Nukui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nukui Y, Chino T, Tani C, Sonobe K, Aiso Y, Tohda S, Koike R, Saito R. Molecular epidemiologic and clinical analysis of Helicobacter cinaedi bacteremia in Japan. Helicobacter. 2020;25:e12675.","journal-title":"Helicobacter"}],"container-title":["Gut Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00422-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00422-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00422-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T16:11:30Z","timestamp":1698941490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gutpathogens.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00422-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00422-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-4749"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1757-4749"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"See \u2018Consent for publication\u2019 below.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The patient gave his informed consent for publication. This was also documented in his medical records.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"26"}}