{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T03:37:23Z","timestamp":1787283443420,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003569","name":"Ministry of Food and Drug Safety","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19162MFDS037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19162MFDS037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut Pathog"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non-typhoidal salmonellosis remains a pressing public health problem worldwide. Quinolones, particularly fluoroquinolones, are widely used to treat various infections, including non-typhoidal salmonellosis, which can be a serious illness. The emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> has resulted in treatment failure and high mortality rates. In this study, we estimated the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> isolated from human salmonellosis patients in South Korea from 2016 to 2019. We evaluated the association of these genes with fluoroquinolone susceptibility. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests for <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates were performed using the Vitek II system, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were determined using the E-test method. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were detected by PCR amplification and quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic> genes were analyzed following Sanger sequencing of the PCR products. Thirty-four <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> strains with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin MIC\u2009\u2265\u20090.125 \u00b5g\/mL and levofloxacin MIC\u2009\u2265\u20090.25 \u00b5g\/mL) were selected from 208 human clinical <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates. Among them, 22 <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> strains harbored one PMQR gene (<jats:italic>qnrA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>qnrB<\/jats:italic>, or <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic>), and three <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> strains carried two PMQR genes (<jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>aac(6\u2032)-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>qnrA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>qnrB<\/jats:italic>). <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic> was the most common PMQR gene. Serotyping revealed that <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> 4,[5]12:i:- (32.4%, 11\/34) and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium (29.4%, 10\/34) were the two most predominant serovars, and Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) showed that ST19 and ST34 were the most frequent sequence types. In conclusion, <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic> gene-positive <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> 4,[5],12:i:- and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium were the main serovars responsible for reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. Therefore, our findings suggest that PMQR-positive <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> strains, which can be isolated from various samples including human, food, and the environment, should be carefully monitored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-021-00431-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T15:20:28Z","timestamp":1622560828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in non-typhoidal Salmonella strains with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones isolated from human salmonellosis in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea from 2016 to 2019"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sohyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanjoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujung","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunseon","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongsug","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5812-3394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangryeol","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"431_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). 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Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019;32(4):e00007-19.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"431_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108274","volume":"307","author":"KW Seo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seo KW, Lee YJ. Characterization of plasmid mediated quinolone resistance determinants in ciprofloxacin resistant-Escherichia coli from chicken meat produced by integrated broiler operations in Korea. Int J Food Microbiol. 2019;307:108274.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"431_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2013.779636","volume":"42","author":"JH Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim JH, Cho JK, Kim KS. Prevalence and characterization of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Salmonella isolated from poultry in Korea. 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