{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:24:48Z","timestamp":1791951888066,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01KI1712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI1712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Baltic-German University Liaison Office","award":["2021\/8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Members of the genus\n                      <jats:italic>Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      are considered as emerging zoonotic food and waterborne pathogens that cause gastroenteritis and bacteremia in humans. However, the potential risk that\n                      <jats:italic>Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      species pose to public health remains unassessed in various countries, including Baltic states. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of putative virulence genes of\n                      <jats:italic>Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates recovered from humans, food products and environmental water in Lithuania.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 1862 samples were collected and examined from 2018 to 2020 in the city of Kaunas. Overall, 11.2% (n = 208) of the samples were positive for the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. The highest prevalence was detected in chicken meat (36%), followed by environmental water (28.1%), raw cow milk (25%), ready-to-eat salad mixes (7.1%) and human stool (1.7%).\n                      <jats:italic>A. butzleri<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the most frequently isolated species (n = 192; 92.3%), followed by\n                      <jats:italic>A. cryaerophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n = 16; 7.7%).\n                      <jats:italic>Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed unimodally distributed aggregated minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for gentamicin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and erythromycin. However, a bimodal distribution for azithromycin was found with 96.2% of determined MICs above the epidemiological cut-off value (ECOFF) defined for\n                      <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                      (0.25\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml). Majority of the\n                      <jats:italic>Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates (n = 187; 89.9%) showed high susceptibility to ciprofloxacin with MICs below or equal to the ECOFF value of 0.5\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml. The putative virulence genes\n                      <jats:italic>cadF<\/jats:italic>\n                      (100%),\n                      <jats:italic>ciaB<\/jats:italic>\n                      (100%),\n                      <jats:italic>cj1349<\/jats:italic>\n                      (99%),\n                      <jats:italic>tlyA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (99%),\n                      <jats:italic>mviN<\/jats:italic>\n                      (97.9%) and\n                      <jats:italic>pldA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (95.8%) were the predominant genes detected among\n                      <jats:italic>A. butzleri<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates. In contrast, the\n                      <jats:italic>mviN<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>ciaB<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes were present in all, whereas\n                      <jats:italic>cj1349<\/jats:italic>\n                      (12.5%),\n                      <jats:italic>tlyA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (25%) and\n                      <jats:italic>hecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (12.5%) were only detected in few\n                      <jats:italic>A. cryaerophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results demonstrate that food products and environmental water in Lithuania are frequently contaminated with\n                      <jats:italic>Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. that carry multiple putative virulence genes. Furthermore,\n                      <jats:italic>A. butzleri<\/jats:italic>\n                      were isolated from 1.7% of inpatients. Fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides were found to be more effective against\n                      <jats:italic>Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      in comparison to other antimicrobial agents. However, further studies are needed to determine the pathogenic mechanisms and factors that facilitate the spread of\n                      <jats:italic>Arcobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-021-00472-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T05:03:12Z","timestamp":1639976592000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence gene profiles of Arcobacter species isolated from human stool samples, foods of animal origin, ready-to-eat salad mixes and environmental water"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3523-7732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dainius","family":"Uljanovas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greta","family":"G\u00f6lz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Br\u00fcckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrone","family":"Grineviciene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egle","family":"Tamuleviciene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Alter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mindaugas","family":"Malakauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-41-1-88","volume":"41","author":"P Vandamme","year":"1991","unstructured":"Vandamme P, Falsen E, Rossau R, Hoste B, Segers P, Tytgat R, et al. Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1991;41(1):88\u2013103.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"key":"472_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2019.02.013","volume":"26","author":"S Ferreira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferreira S, Oleastro M, Domingues F. Current insights on Arcobacter butzleri in food chain. Curr Opin Food Sci. 2019;26:9\u201317.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Food Sci"},{"key":"472_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02077","volume":"9","author":"A P\u00e9rez-Catalu\u00f1a","year":"2018","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Catalu\u00f1a A, Salas-Mass\u00f3 N, Di\u00e9guez AL, Balboa S, Lema A, Romalde JL, et al. Revisiting the taxonomy of the genus Arcobacter: Getting order from the chaos. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2077.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"472_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2020.126108","volume":"43","author":"SLW On","year":"2020","unstructured":"On SLW, Miller WG, Biggs PJ, Cornelius AJ, Vandamme P. A critical rebuttal of the proposed division of the genus Arcobacter into six genera using comparative genomic, phylogenetic, and phenotypic criteria. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2020;43(5):126108.","journal-title":"Syst Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"472_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100829","volume":"39","author":"PJ Kerkhof","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kerkhof PJ, Van den Abeele AM, Strubbe B, Vogelaers D, Vandamme P, Houf K. Diagnostic approach for detection and identification of emerging enteric pathogens revisited: the (Ali)arcobacter lanthieri case. New Microbes New Infect. 2021;39:100829.","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2017.1323355","volume":"37","author":"TP Ramees","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ramees TP, Dhama K, Karthik K, Rathore RS, Kumar A, Saminathan M, et al. Arcobacter: an emerging food-borne zoonotic pathogen, its public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control\u2014a comprehensive review. Vet Q. 2017;37(1):136\u201361.","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"issue":"4","key":"472_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12577","volume":"19","author":"D Chieffi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Fusco V. Arcobacter butzleri: Up-to\u2010date taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of an emerging pathogen. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2020;19(4):2071\u2013109.","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00034-10","volume":"24","author":"L Collado","year":"2011","unstructured":"Collado L, Figueras MJ. Taxonomy, epidemiology, and clinical relevance of the genus Arcobacter. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24(1):174\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"472_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12215","volume":"62","author":"TTD Hsu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hsu TTD, Lee J. Global distribution and prevalence of Arcobacter in food and water. Zoonoses Public Health. 2015;62(8):579\u201389.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"472_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01118-20","volume":"86","author":"JA Niedermeyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Niedermeyer JA, Miller WG, Yee E, Harris A, Emanuel RE, Jass T, et al. Search for Campylobacter spp. reveals high prevalence and pronounced genetic diversity of Arcobacter butzleri in floodwater samples associated with Hurricane Florence in North Carolina, USA. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2020;86:20.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"472_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira S, Queiroz JA, Oleastro M, Domingues FC. Insights in the pathogenesis and resistance of Arcobacter: a review. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2015;1\u201320.","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2014.954523"},{"issue":"4","key":"472_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03450-14","volume":"53","author":"E Arguello","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arguello E, Otto CC, Mead P, Babady NE. Bacteremia caused by Arcobacter butzleri in an immunocompromised host. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(4):1448\u201351.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"472_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2012.00114","volume":"33","author":"DYH Yap","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yap DYH, Kwan LPY, To KKW, Chan TM. Arcobacter peritonitis after fluoroscopic repositioning of a Tenckhoff catheter. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial. 2013;33(2):222\u20133.","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial"},{"issue":"10","key":"472_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2010.140433","volume":"20","author":"AM Van den Abeele","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van den Abeele AM, Vogelaers D, Van Hende J, Houf K. Prevalence of Arcobacter species among humans, Belgium, 2008\u20132013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(10):1746\u20139.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"472_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1851-1852.2004","volume":"42","author":"I Wybo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wybo I, Breynaert J, Lauwers S, Lindenburg F, Houf K. Isolation of Arcobacter skirrowii from a patient with chronic diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(4):1851\u20132.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"472_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2006.10.047","volume":"54","author":"A Samie","year":"2007","unstructured":"Samie A, Obi CL, Barrett LJ, Powell SM, Guerrant RL. Prevalence of Campylobacter species, Helicobacter pylori and Arcobacter species in stool samples from the Venda region, Limpopo, South Africa: studies using molecular diagnostic methods. J Infect. 2007;54(6):558\u201366.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"472_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.044594-0","volume":"61","author":"T Kayman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kayman T, Abay S, Hizlisoy H, Atabay H\u0130, Diker KS, Aydin F. Emerging pathogen Arcobacter spp. in acute gastroenteritis: molecular identification, antibiotic susceptibilities and genotyping of the isolated arcobacters. J Med Microbiol. 2012;61(10):1439\u201344.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"472_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01221.x","volume":"58","author":"A Patyal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patyal A, Rathore RS, Mohan HV, Dhama K, Kumar A. Prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in humans, animals and foods of animal origin including sea food from India. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2011;58(5):402\u201310.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-020-00360-x","volume":"12","author":"V Br\u00fcckner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Br\u00fcckner V, Fiebiger U, Ignatius R, Friesen J, Eisenbl\u00e4tter M, H\u00f6ck M, et al. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcobacter species in human stool samples derived from out- and inpatients: the prospective German Arcobacter prevalence study Arcopath. Gut Pathog. 2020;12(1):21.","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"472_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/2052-2975.35","volume":"2","author":"MJ Figueras","year":"2014","unstructured":"Figueras MJ, Levican A, Pujol I, Ballester F, Rabada Quilez MJ, Gomez-Bertomeu F. A severe case of persistent diarrhoea associated with Arcobacter cryaerophilus but attributed to Campylobacter sp. and a review of the clinical incidence of Arcobacter spp. New Microbes New Infect. 2014;2(2):31\u20137.","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"472_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.12.018","volume":"16","author":"S Ferreira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferreira S, Lu\u00eds \u00c2, Oleastro M, Pereira L, Domingues FC. A meta-analytic perspective on Arcobacter spp. antibiotic resistance. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2019;16:130\u20139.","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"472_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.10.005","volume":"263","author":"S Rathlavath","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rathlavath S, Kohli V, Singh AS, Lekshmi M, Tripathi G, Kumar S, et al. Virulence genotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Arcobacter butzleri isolated from seafood and its environment. Int J Food Microbiol. 2017;263:32\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"472_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2017.09.024","volume":"85","author":"S Vicente-Martins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vicente-Martins S, Oleastro M, Domingues FC, Ferreira S. Arcobacter spp. at retail food from Portugal: Prevalence, genotyping and antibiotics resistance. Food Control. 2018;85:107\u201312.","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"472_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.01.006","volume":"9","author":"D \u0160ilha","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u0160ilha D, Pejchalov\u00e1 M, \u0160ilhov\u00e1 L. Susceptibility to 18 drugs and multidrug resistance of Arcobacter isolates from different sources within the Czech Republic. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2017;9:74\u20137.","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0344-3","volume":"12","author":"V Br\u00fcckner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Br\u00fcckner V, Fiebiger U, Ignatius R, Friesen J, Eisenbl\u00e4tter M, H\u00f6ck M, et al. Characterization of Arcobacter strains isolated from human stool samples: results from the prospective German prevalence study Arcopath. Gut Pathog. 2020;12(1):3.","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00230.x","volume":"50","author":"HTK Ho","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ho HTK, Lipman LJA, Hendriks HGCJM, Tooten PCJ, Ultee T, Gaastra W. Interaction of Arcobacter spp. with human and porcine intestinal epithelial cells. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007;50(1):51\u20138.","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"472_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1086\/600868","volume":"200","author":"R B\u00fccker","year":"2009","unstructured":"B\u00fccker R, Troeger H, Kleer J, Fromm M, Schulzke J. Arcobacter butzleri induces barrier dysfunction in intestinal HT-29\/B6 cells. J Infect Dis. 2009;200(5):756\u201364.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"472_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1358","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001358","volume":"2","author":"WG Miller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Miller WG, Parker CT, Rubenfield M, Mendz GL, W\u00f6sten MMSM, Ussery DW, et al. The complete genome sequence and analysis of the Epsilonproteobacterium Arcobacter butzleri. PLoS ONE. 2007;2(12):e1358.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"472_CR29","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Data from the EUCAST MIC distribution website. 2021. https:\/\/www.eucast.org. Accessed 10 Mar 2021."},{"key":"472_CR30","unstructured":"International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF), Tompkin RB, editors. Microorganisms in foods 7: microbiological testing in food safety management. New York: Kluwer Academic\/Plenum Publishers; 2002. p. 171."},{"issue":"3","key":"472_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.11.021","volume":"78","author":"S Ferreira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ferreira S, J\u00falio C, Queiroz JA, Domingues FC, Oleastro M. Molecular diagnosis of Arcobacter and Campylobacter in diarrhoeal samples among Portuguese patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;78(3):220\u20135.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-838246120140095","volume":"46","author":"H Fernandez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fernandez H, Villanueva MP, Mansilla I, Gonzalez M, Latif F. Arcobacter butzleri and A. cryaerophilus in human, animals and food sources, in southern Chile. Braz J Microbiol. 2015;46(1):145\u20137.","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"472_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1010.040241","volume":"10","author":"O Vandenberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vandenberg O, Dediste A, Houf K, Ibekwem S, Souayah H, Cadranel S, et al. Arcobacter species in humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(10):1863\u20137.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"472_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-019-2722-x","volume":"35","author":"N Shange","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shange N, Gouws P, Hoffman LC. Campylobacter and Arcobacter species in food-producing animals: prevalence at primary production and during slaughter. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019;35(9):146.","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"8","key":"472_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-13-014","volume":"76","author":"B Nieva-Echevarria","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nieva-Echevarria B, Martinez-Malaxetxebarria I, Girbau C, Alonso R, Fern\u00e1ndez-Astorga A. Prevalence and genetic diversity of Arcobacter in food products in the north of Spain. J Food Prot. 2013;76(8):1447\u201350.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"issue":"5","key":"472_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2011.01.010","volume":"22","author":"AH Shah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shah AH, Saleha AA, Zunita Z, Murugaiyah M. Arcobacter\u2014an emerging threat to animals and animal origin food products? Trends Food Sci Technol. 2011;22(5):225\u201336.","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"472_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2010.11.004","volume":"22","author":"LB Amare","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amare LB, Saleha AA, Zunita Z, Jalila A, Hassan L. Prevalence of Arcobacter spp. on chicken meat at retail markets and in farm chickens in Selangor, Malaysia. Food Control. 2011;22(5):732\u20136.","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"472_CR38","first-page":"7859","volume":"8","author":"A Traversa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Traversa A, Gallina S, Martucci F, Boteva C, Baioni E, Maurella C, et al. Arcobacter spp. in raw milk from vending machines in Piedmont and occurrence of virulence genes in isolates. Ital J Food Saf. 2019;8(4):7859.","journal-title":"Ital J Food Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2015-0008","volume":"18","author":"I Zacharow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zacharow I, Bystro\u0144 J, Wa\u0142ecka-Zacharska E, Podkowik M, Bania J. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus isolates from retail meat in Lower Silesia region, Poland. Pol J Vet Sci. 2015;18(1):63\u20139.","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"472_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2019.103403","volume":"89","author":"C Marta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marta C, Giovanni N, Angela M, Loredana C, Elisabetta B, Laura D, et al. Large genetic diversity of Arcobacter butzleri isolated from raw milk in Southern Italy. Food Microbiol. 2020;89:103403.","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"472_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-69.8.1986","volume":"69","author":"R Scullion","year":"2006","unstructured":"Scullion R, Harrington CS, Madden RH. Prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in raw milk and retail raw meats in Northern Ireland. J Food Prot. 2006;69(8):1986\u201390.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"472_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.07.012","volume":"236","author":"A Mottola","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mottola A, Bonerba E, Bozzo G, Marchetti P, Celano GV, Colao V, et al. Occurrence of emerging food-borne pathogenic Arcobacter spp. isolated from pre-cut (ready-to-eat) vegetables. Int J Food Microbiol. 2016;236:33\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"key":"472_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2018.09.008","volume":"78","author":"NH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim NH, Park SM, Kim HW, Cho TJ, Kim SH, Choi C, et al. Prevalence of pathogenic Arcobacter species in South Korea: Comparison of two protocols for isolating the bacteria from foods and examination of nine putative virulence genes. Food Microbiol. 2019;78:18\u201324.","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"472_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-65.8.1240","volume":"65","author":"MA Assanta","year":"2002","unstructured":"Assanta MA, Roy D, Lemay M-J, Montpetit D. Attachment of Arcobacter butzleri, a new waterborne pathogen, to water distribution pipe surfaces. J Food Prot. 2002;65(8):1240\u20137.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"472_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.02.017","volume":"131","author":"J Kjeldgaard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kjeldgaard J, J\u00f8rgensen K, Ingmer H. Growth and survival at chiller temperatures of Arcobacter butzleri. Int J Food Microbiol. 2009;131(2\u20133):256\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-322","volume":"6","author":"L Rasmussen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rasmussen L, Kjeldgaard J, Christensen J, Ingmer H. Multilocus sequence typing and biocide tolerance of Arcobacter butzleri from Danish broiler carcasses. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6(1):322.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"4","key":"472_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2016-0745","volume":"63","author":"AL Webb","year":"2017","unstructured":"Webb AL, Taboada EN, Selinger LB, Boras VF, Inglis GD. Prevalence and diversity of waterborne Arcobacter butzleri in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Can J Microbiol. 2017;63(4):330\u201340.","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"key":"472_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.05.018","volume":"232","author":"M Laishram","year":"2016","unstructured":"Laishram M, Rathlavath S, Lekshmi M, Kumar S, Nayak BB. Isolation and characterization of Arcobacter spp. from fresh seafood and the aquatic environment. Int J Food Microbiol. 2016;232:87\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"472_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01555.x","volume":"10","author":"L Collado","year":"2008","unstructured":"Collado L, Inza I, Guarro J, Figueras MJ. Presence of Arcobacter spp. in environmental waters correlates with high levels of fecal pollution. Environ Microbiol. 2008;10(6):1635\u201340.","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"472_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.04.002","volume":"44","author":"L Collado","year":"2010","unstructured":"Collado L, Kasimir G, Perez U, Bosch A, Pinto R, Saucedo G, et al. Occurrence and diversity of Arcobacter spp. along the Llobregat River catchment, at sewage effluents and in a drinking water treatment plant. Water Res. 2010;44(12):3696\u2013702.","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12743","volume":"65","author":"S Rathlavath","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rathlavath S, Kumar S, Nayak BB. Comparative isolation and genetic diversity of Arcobacter sp. from fish and the coastal environment. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2017;65(1):42\u20139.","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"472_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-13-368","volume":"77","author":"KL Fallas-Padilla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fallas-Padilla KL, Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez CE, Jaramillo HF, Echandi MLA. Arcobacter: comparison of isolation methods, diversity, and potential pathogenic factors in commercially retailed chicken breast meat from Costa Rica. J Food Prot. 2014;77(6):880\u20134.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"issue":"4","key":"472_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.4.799","volume":"67","author":"R Scullion","year":"2004","unstructured":"Scullion R, Harrington CS, Madden RH. A comparison of three methods for the isolation of Arcobacter spp. from retail raw poultry in Northern Ireland. J Food Prot. 2004;67(4):799\u2013804.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"issue":"4","key":"472_CR54","first-page":"6490","volume":"19","author":"European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2021","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2018\/2019. EFSA J. 2021;19(4):6490","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"issue":"12","key":"472_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000638","volume":"66","author":"A P\u00e9rez-Catalu\u00f1a","year":"2017","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Catalu\u00f1a A, Tapiol J, Benavent C, Sarvis\u00e9 C, G\u00f3mez F, Mart\u00ednez B, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence potential and sequence types associated with Arcobacter strains recovered from human faeces. J Med Microbiol. 2017;66(12):1736\u201343.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"472_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv483","volume":"71","author":"AM Van den Abeele","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van den Abeele AM, Vogelaers D, Vanlaere E, Houf K. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus strains isolated from Belgian patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(5):1241\u20134.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"472_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2020.103416","volume":"89","author":"F Fanelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fanelli F, Chieffi D, Di Pinto A, Mottola A, Baruzzi F, Fusco V. Phenotype and genomic background of Arcobacter butzleri strains and taxogenomic assessment of the species. Food Microbiol. 2020;89:103416.","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"472_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11091104","volume":"11","author":"E M\u00fcller","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00fcller E, Abdel-Glil MY, Hotzel H, H\u00e4nel I, Tomaso H. Aliarcobacter butzleri from water poultry: insights into antimicrobial resistance, virulence and heavy metal resistance. Genes. 2020;11(9):1104.","journal-title":"Genes"},{"issue":"2","key":"472_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2013.878783","volume":"55","author":"E Rahimi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rahimi E. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter species isolated from poultry meat in Iran. Br Poult Sci. 2014;55(2):174\u201380.","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"472_CR60","first-page":"1","volume":"2018","author":"B Wei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wei B, Kang M. Molecular basis of macrolide resistance in Campylobacter strains isolated from poultry in South Korea. BioMed Res Int. 2018;2018:1\u20139.","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"472_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-457x.19516","volume":"37","author":"M Elmali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elmali M, Can HY. Occurence and antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter species in food and slaughterhouse samples. Food Sci Technol. 2017;37(2):280\u20135.","journal-title":"Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"472_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00670","volume":"10","author":"F Fanelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fanelli F, Di Pinto A, Mottola A, Mule G, Chieffi D, Baruzzi F, et al. Genomic characterization of Arcobacter butzleri isolated from shellfish: Novel insight into antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:670.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"472_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02873-15","volume":"82","author":"S Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao S, Tyson GH, Chen Y, Li C, Mukherjee S, Young S, et al. Whole-genome sequencing analysis accurately predicts antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in Campylobacter spp. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2016;82(2):459\u201366.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"472_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.08.001","volume":"50","author":"M Vandewalle-Capo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vandewalle-Capo M, Massip C, Descours G, Charavit J, Chastang J, Billy PA, et al. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distribution among wild-type strains of Legionella pneumophila identifies a subpopulation with reduced susceptibility to macrolides owing to efflux pump genes. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2017;50(5):684\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"3","key":"472_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10030288","volume":"10","author":"S Sciortino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sciortino S, Arculeo P, Alio V, Cardamone C, Nicastro L, Arculeo M, et al. Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter spp. recovered from aquatic environments. Antibiotics. 2021;10(3):288.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"10","key":"472_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx211","volume":"72","author":"A Riesenberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Riesenberg A, Fr\u00f6mke C, Stingl K, Fe\u00dfler AT, G\u00f6lz G, Glocker EO, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Arcobacter butzleri: development and application of a new protocol for broth microdilution. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(10):2769\u201374.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"472_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2015.07.015","volume":"52","author":"C Girbau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Girbau C, Guerra C, Mart\u00ednez-Malaxetxebarria I, Alonso R, Fern\u00e1ndez-Astorga A. Prevalence of ten putative virulence genes in the emerging foodborne pathogen Arcobacter isolated from food products. Food Microbiol. 2015;52:146\u20139.","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"472_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12245","volume":"115","author":"G Karadas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karadas G, Sharbati S, H\u00e4nel I, Messelh\u00e4u\u00dfer U, Glocker E, Alter T, et al. Presence of virulence genes, adhesion and invasion of Arcobacter butzleri. J Appl Microbiol. 2013;115(2):583\u201390.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"472_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13403","volume":"122","author":"S Piva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Piva S, Gariano GR, Bonilauri P, Giacometti F, Decastelli L, Florio D, et al. Occurrence of putative virulence genes on Arcobacter butzleri isolated from three different environmental sites throughout the dairy chain. J Appl Microbiol. 2017;122(4):1071\u20137.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"472_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05872-11","volume":"50","author":"L Douidah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Douidah L, de Zutter L, Bare J, De Vos P, Vandamme P, Vandenberg O, et al. Occurrence of putative virulence genes in Arcobacter species isolated from humans and animals. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(3):735\u201341.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-018-0628-x","volume":"64","author":"D \u0160ilha","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u0160ilha D, Vackov\u00e1 B, \u0160ilhov\u00e1 L. Occurrence of virulence-associated genes in Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus isolates from foodstuff, water, and clinical samples within the Czech Republic. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2019;64(1):25\u201331.","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol (Praha)"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"472_CR72","first-page":"163","volume":"128","author":"D Lehmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lehmann D, Alter T, Lehmann L, Uherkova S, Seidler T, G\u00f6lz G. Prevalence, virulence gene distribution and genetic diversity of Arcobacter in food samples in Germany. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2015;128(3\u20134):163\u20138.","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"issue":"6","key":"472_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.716-720","volume":"10","author":"MS Sekhar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sekhar MS, Tumati SR, Chinnam BK, Kothapalli VS, Sharif NM. Virulence gene profiles of Arcobacter species isolated from animals, foods of animal origin, and humans in Andhra Pradesh, India. Vet World. 2017;10(6):716\u201320.","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"issue":"2","key":"472_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00840-1","volume":"229","author":"E van Driessche","year":"2003","unstructured":"van Driessche E, Houf K, Hoof J, Zutter L, Vandamme P. Isolation of Arcobacter species from animal feces. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2003;229(2):243\u20138.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(02)00163-0","volume":"81","author":"HI Atabay","year":"2003","unstructured":"Atabay HI, Aydin F, Houf K, Sahin M, Vandamme P. The prevalence of Arcobacter spp. on chicken carcasses sold in retail markets in Turkey, and identification of the isolates using SDS-PAGE. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003;81(1):21\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"472_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09407.x","volume":"193","author":"K Houf","year":"2000","unstructured":"Houf K, Tutenel A, Zutter L, Hoof J, Vandamme P. Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and identification of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Arcobacter skirrowii. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2000;193(1):89\u201394.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"472_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64109-0","volume":"56","author":"BM Korczak","year":"2006","unstructured":"Korczak BM, Stieber R, Emler S, Burnens AP, Frey J, Kuhnert P. Genetic relatedness within the genus Campylobacter inferred from rpoB sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2006;56(5):937\u201345.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"472_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2015.12.017","volume":"121","author":"J Whiteduck-L\u00e9veill\u00e9e","year":"2016","unstructured":"Whiteduck-L\u00e9veill\u00e9e J, Cloutier M, Topp E, Lapen DR, Talbot G, Villemur R, et al. Development and evaluation of multiplex PCR assays for rapid detection of virulence-associated genes in Arcobacter species. J Microbiol Methods. 2016;121:59\u201365.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"}],"container-title":["Gut Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00472-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00472-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00472-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T01:09:46Z","timestamp":1676077786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gutpathogens.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00472-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13099-021-00472-y","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-827207\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1757-4749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-4749","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study involving human participants was reviewed and approved by the Kaunas Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (Approval No.: BE-2-58). All stool samples were collected by Kaunas Clinical Hospital Microbiology Laboratory for routine diagnostic analysis. Prior to isolation and characterization of <i>Arcobacter<\/i> spp., patient data were de-identified using pseudonymization. Hence, no written informed consent to participate in this study was obtained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"76"}}