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It has also been observed that events in early life can lead to shifts in the microbiota, with some of these changes having been documented to persist into adulthood.\u00a0A particularly extreme example of a divergent early GI microbiota occurs in premature neonates, who display a very different GI community to term infants. Certain characteristic patterns have been associated with negative health outcomes during the neonatal period, and these patterns may prove to have continual damaging effects if not resolved.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study we compared a set of premature infants with a paired set of term infants (n\u2009=\u200937 pairs) at 6\u00a0weeks of age and at 2\u00a0years of age. In the samples taken at 6\u00a0weeks of age we found microbial communities differing in both diversity and specific bacterial groups between the two infant cohorts. We identified clinical factors associated with over-abundance of potentially pathogenic organisms (e.g. <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>) and reduced abundances of some beneficial organisms (e.g. <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>). We contrasted these findings with samples taken at 2\u00a0years of age, which indicated that despite a very different initial gut microbiota, the two infant groups converged to a similar, more adult-like state. We identified clinical factors, including both prematurity and delivery method, which remain associated with components of the gut microbiota. Both clinical factors and microbial characteristics are compared to the occurrence of childhood wheeze and eczema, revealing associations between components of the GI microbiota and the development of these allergic conditions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The faecal microbiota differs greatly between infants born at term and those born prematurely during early life, yet it converges over time. Despite this, early clinical factors remain significantly associated with the abundance of some bacterial groups at 2\u00a0years of age. Given the associations made between health conditions and the microbiota, factors that alter the makeup of the gut microbiota, and potentially its trajectory through life, could have important lifelong consequences.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-022-00529-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T07:02:52Z","timestamp":1673852572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Development of the gut microbiota during early life in premature and term infants"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Sim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Cornwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Simon Kroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander G.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"529_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2010.0027","volume":"1","author":"R Martin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martin R, Nauta AJ, Ben Amor K, Knippels LM, Knol J, Garssen J. 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Arch Dis Child. 2004;89:540\u20133.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"}],"container-title":["Gut Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13099-022-00529-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13099-022-00529-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13099-022-00529-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T08:06:17Z","timestamp":1673856377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gutpathogens.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13099-022-00529-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13099-022-00529-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-4749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-4749","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study \u2018Defining the Intestinal Microbiota in Premature Infants\u2019 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01102738) was approved by West London Research Ethics Committee 2, United Kingdom (Reference number: 10\/H0711\/39). Parents gave written informed consent for their infant to participate in the study.\u00a0The study \u2018Development Of Respiratory Microbiota In Children\u2019 was approved by Riverside Ethics Committee, London, UK (Reference number: 12\/LO\/1362). Parents gave written informed consent for their infant to participate in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3"}}