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The condition results from the ingestion of environmental or foodborne spores of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) producing <jats:italic>Clostridia<\/jats:italic>, usually <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>, and subsequent spore germination into active botulinum neurotoxinogenic cultures in the gut. It is generally considered that small babies are susceptible to <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic> colonization because of their immature gut microbiota. Yet, it is poorly understood which host factors contribute to the clinical outcome of intestinal botulism. We previously reported a case of infant botulism where the infant recovered clinically in six weeks but continued to secrete <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic> cells and\/or BoNT in the feces for seven months.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To further understand the microbial ecology behind this exceptionally long-lasting botulinum neurotoxinogenic colonization, we characterized the infant fecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing over the course of disease and recovery. <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic> could be detected in the infant fecal samples at low levels through the acute phase of the disease and three months after recovery. Overall, we observed a temporal delay in the maturation of the infant fecal microbiota associated with a persistently high-level bifidobacterial population and a low level of <jats:italic>Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bacteroidaceae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ruminococcaceae<\/jats:italic> compared to healthy infants over time.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study brings novel insights into the infant fecal composition associated with intestinal botulism and provides a basis for a more systematic analysis of the gut microbiota of infants diagnosed with botulism. A better understanding of the gut microbial ecology associated with infant botulism may support the development of prophylactic strategies against this life-threatening disease in small babies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-024-00614-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T11:02:03Z","timestamp":1712314923000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Case report: Aberrant fecal microbiota composition of an infant diagnosed with prolonged intestinal botulism"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois P.","family":"Douillard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya\u011fmur","family":"Derman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katri","family":"Korpela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harri","family":"Sax\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Salonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem M.","family":"de Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannu","family":"Korkeala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miia","family":"Lindstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7285","key":"614_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","volume":"464","author":"J Qin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, et al. 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