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Additionally, it compares serum and saliva levels of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>-IgG and IgA to assess the potential of saliva as a non-invasive alternative to serum.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Based on Fisher\u2019s formula, 200 HCIs suffering from gastritis\u2014including hospital workers, employees, nursing students, nurses, and doctors\u2014were enrolled. Blood, saliva, and stool samples were collected for microbial infection investigations. Personal hygiene and socio-economic factors were scored based on WHO guidelines. Parasitic infections were identified microscopically, while <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> antigen and antibodies were detected via ELISA, with diagnostic significance determined by ROC curve analysis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A high prevalence of intestinal microbial infections was observed among HCIs. <jats:italic>Blastocystis spp.<\/jats:italic> was the most common pathogen (72%), followed by <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium spp.<\/jats:italic> (59.5%). Cases of single, double, and multiple infections were detected. <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> antigen was present in 36 (18%) cases, often as a co-infection with intestinal parasites. Infection rates were highest among workers and nurses (100%), followed by employees (97.4%) and nursing students (81.7%), with doctors having the lowest rate (50%). Poor personal hygiene and socio-economic lifestyle were directly linked to increased infection risk. Additionally, <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>-IgG was positive in 14 cases and negative in 186 cases, while <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>-IgA was positive in 2 cases and negative in 198 cases in both serum and saliva. These findings indicate consistency between serum and saliva levels of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> immunoglobulins.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Poor personal hygiene and socio-economic lifestyle significantly increase the risk of gastrointestinal microbial infections among HCIs. Salivary immunoglobulins show consistency with serum levels, suggesting saliva as a viable non-invasive alternative for detecting <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-025-00688-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T03:44:01Z","timestamp":1744256641000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sero\u2014salivary detection of H. pylori immunoglobulins and parasitic infection among healthcare individuals suffering from gastrointestinal disorders with correlation to personal hygiene"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Faika","family":"Hassanein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2562-7654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Abdel-Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amany I.","family":"Shehata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"688_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-55512-8.00003-X","volume-title":"Hunter\u2019s tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases (10th Edition)","author":"AN Ananthakrishnan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ananthakrishnan AN, Xavier RJ. 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