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Molecular identification of these parasites provides crucial insights into their transmission dynamics, clinical relevance, and zoonotic potential.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cross-sectional study investigated 275 HIV-infected patients in Alborz Province, Iran (2018\u20132020). Stool samples were examined using Ziehl\u2013Neelsen and modified trichrome staining, followed by PCR amplification and sequencing of the 18\u00a0S rRNA and GP60 genes for\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., and the ITS region for\n                      <jats:italic>Enterocytozoon bieneusi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Encephalitozoon intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Associations between parasitic infections and demographic\/clinical variables were analyzed using univariate and multivariable methods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Molecular analysis identified\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in 7.6% and Microsporidia in 9.1% of patients, including\n                      <jats:italic>E. bieneusi<\/jats:italic>\n                      (6.5%),\n                      <jats:italic>E. intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (2.5%), and mixed infections (1.8%). Subtyping revealed that\n                      <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (5.8%) predominantly belonged to subtype family IId (IIdA20G1, IIdA19G1), while\n                      <jats:italic>C. hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1.8%) was IdA15G1.\n                      <jats:italic>E. bieneusi<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotypes D, Peru6, and J were detected\u2014genotype J being reported for the first time in Iranian HIV-positive patients. Infections were significantly associated with clinical symptoms including chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and fever. The highest rates of infection were found among patients with CD4\u2009+\u2009counts\u2009&lt;\u2009200 cells\/\u00b5L, no history of ART, animal contact, and use of well water.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study highlights the clinical and epidemiological significance of\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>E. bieneusi<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>E. intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in HIV-infected individuals. The identification of zoonotic genotypes and their association with gastrointestinal symptoms and immunosuppression emphasizes the need for routine molecular screening, targeted public health interventions, and adoption of One Health strategies to control transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-025-00785-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T03:06:29Z","timestamp":1765422389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Genotyping and molecular profiling of intestinal microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis in HIV-infected patients in Alborz Province, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Benyamin","family":"Djawadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazila","family":"Parvizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Vazini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milad","family":"Badri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida Vafae","family":"Eslahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Adamopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahendra","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Pirestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"785_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652000000600001","volume":"42","author":"P Brasil","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brasil P, Lima DB, De, Paiva DD, De, Lobo MSDC, Sodr\u00c9 FC, Silva SP, Da, et al. 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