{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T11:08:45Z","timestamp":1788001725971,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut Pathog"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-025-00787-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T15:03:02Z","timestamp":1767106982000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Targeting autophagy and programmed cell death in neurological diseases via probiotic intervention"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sima-sadat","family":"Sabihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoqun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"787_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742408","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.742408","volume":"14","author":"MB Abubakar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abubakar MB, Sanusi KO, Ugusman A, Mohamed W, Kamal H, Ibrahim NH, et al. Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an update and insights into pathophysiology. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:742408.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"787_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00062","volume":"13","author":"AC Cuello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cuello AC, Pentz R, Hall H. The brain NGF metabolic pathway in health and in Alzheimer\u2019s pathology. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:62.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"787_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S257","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-230411","volume":"14","author":"K Kulcsarova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kulcsarova K, Skorvanek M, Postuma RB, Berg D. Defining parkinson\u2019s disease: past and future. J Parkinson\u2019s Disease. 2024;14:S257\u201371.","journal-title":"J Parkinson\u2019s Disease"},{"key":"787_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867330666230403085733","volume":"31","author":"H Adam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adam H, Gopinath SCB, Arshad MKM, Adam T, Subramaniam S, Hashim U. An update on Parkinson\u2019s disease and its neurodegenerative counterparts. Curr Med Chem. 2024;31:2770\u201387.","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"787_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.07.030","volume":"146","author":"DC Rubinsztein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rubinsztein DC, Mari\u00f1o G, Kroemer G. Autophagy and aging. Cell. 2011;146:682\u201395.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"787_CR6","first-page":"640","volume":"1300","author":"G-b Axis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Axis G-b. Gut-brain Axis Sign. 2008;1300:640.","journal-title":"Gut-brain Axis Sign"},{"key":"787_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.04.002","volume":"23","author":"J Tower","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tower J. Programmed cell death in aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2015;23:90\u2013100.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"787_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082189","author":"J \u017b\u00f3\u0142kiewicz","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u017b\u00f3\u0142kiewicz J, Marzec A, Ruszczy\u0144ski M, Feleszko W. Postbiotics-a step beyond pre- and probiotics. Nutrients. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12082189.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"787_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093211","author":"HY Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li HY, Zhou DD, Gan RY, Huang SY, Zhao CN, Shang A, et al. Effects and mechanisms of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics on metabolic diseases targeting gut microbiota: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13093211.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"787_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.05.063","volume":"44","author":"HC Descamps","year":"2019","unstructured":"Descamps HC, Herrmann B, Wiredu D, Thaiss CA. The path toward using microbial metabolites as therapies. EBioMedicine. 2019;44:747\u201354.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"787_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2020-026","volume":"40","author":"YC Tsai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsai YC, Cheng LH, Liu YW, Jeng OJ, Lee YK. Gerobiotics: probiotics targeting fundamental aging processes. Biosci Microbiota Food Health. 2021;40:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Biosci Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"787_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113430","volume":"153","author":"D A\u011fag\u00fcnd\u00fcz","year":"2022","unstructured":"A\u011fag\u00fcnd\u00fcz D, Kocaadam-Bozkurt B, Bozkurt O, Sharma H, Esposito R, \u00d6zo\u011ful F, et al. Microbiota alteration and modulation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease by gerobiotics: the gut-health axis for a good mind. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;153:113430.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"787_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jouriani FH, Rezaie N, Ashrafian F, Aghamohammad S, Rohani M. Native potential probiotics and postbiotics improve the gut-kidney axis by the modulation of autophagy signaling pathway. Folia Microbiol. 2025.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-025-01253-9"},{"key":"787_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14040393","author":"F Armeli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Armeli F, Mengoni B, Schifano E, Lenz T, Archer T, Uccelletti D, et al. The probiotic yeast, Milmed, promotes autophagy and antioxidant pathways in BV-2 microglia cells and C. elegans. Antioxidants. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14040393.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"787_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2550-9","volume":"74","author":"S Westfall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Westfall S, Lomis N, Kahouli I, Dia SY, Singh SP, Prakash S. Microbiome, probiotics and neurodegenerative diseases: deciphering the gut brain axis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017;74:3769\u201387.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"787_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2017.00009","volume":"11","author":"EE Noble","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noble EE, Hsu TM, Kanoski SE. Gut to brain dysbiosis: mechanisms linking Western diet consumption, the microbiome, and cognitive impairment. Front Behav Neurosci. 2017;11:9.","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"787_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101464","volume":"72","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Yang X, Song Y-Q, Tu J. Autophagy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis: therapeutic potential and future perspectives. Ageing Res Rev. 2021;72:101464.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"787_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00004","volume":"10","author":"MS Uddin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uddin MS, Stachowiak A, Mamun AA, Tzvetkov NT, Takeda S, Atanasov AG, et al. Autophagy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic implications. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018;10:04.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"787_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00049","volume":"11","author":"DA Loeffler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Loeffler DA. Influence of normal aging on brain autophagy: a complex scenario. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11:49.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"787_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3109\/03008207.2011.564336","volume":"52","author":"W Ye","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ye W, Xu K, Huang D, Liang A, Peng Y, Zhu W, et al. Age-related increases of macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy in rat nucleus pulposus. Connect Tissue Res. 2011;52:472\u20138.","journal-title":"Connect Tissue Res"},{"key":"787_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-021-00814-y","volume":"28","author":"D Moujalled","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moujalled D, Strasser A, Liddell JR. Molecular mechanisms of cell death in neurological diseases. Cell Death Differ. 2021;28:2029\u201344.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"787_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033510","volume":"4","author":"GL Kelly","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kelly GL, Strasser A. Toward targeting antiapoptotic MCL-1 for cancer therapy. Annu Rev Cancer Biol. 2020;4:299\u2013313.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cancer Biol"},{"key":"787_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00003-9","volume":"102","author":"DR Green","year":"2000","unstructured":"Green DR. Apoptotic pathways: paper wraps stone blunts scissors. Cell. 2000;102:1\u20134.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"787_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00011.2017","volume":"98","author":"M Fricker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fricker M, Tolkovsky AM, Borutaite V, Coleman M, Brown GC. Neuronal cell death. Physiol Rev. 2018;98:813\u201380.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"787_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2022.102575","volume":"75","author":"A Mangalmurti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mangalmurti A, Lukens JR. How neurons die in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: implications for neuroinflammation. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2022;75:102575.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"787_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4886","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224886","volume":"14","author":"M Yue","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yue M, Wei J, Chen W, Hong D, Chen T, Fang X. Neurotrophic role of the next-generation probiotic strain L. lactis MG1363-pMG36e-GLP-1 on parkinson\u2019s disease via inhibiting ferroptosis. Nutrients. 2022;14:4886.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"787_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2024.2403277","volume":"21","author":"Z Sadeghloo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sadeghloo Z, Nabavi-Rad A, Zali MR, Klionsky DJ, Yadegar A. The interplay between probiotics and host autophagy: mechanisms of action and emerging insights. Autophagy. 2025;21:260\u201382.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"787_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.01.037","volume":"432","author":"X Hou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hou X, Watzlawik JO, Fiesel FC, Springer W. Autophagy in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. J Mol Biol. 2020;432:2651\u201372.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"787_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13101435","author":"L Nechushtai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nechushtai L, Frenkel D, Pinkas-Kramarski R. Autophagy in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Biomolecules. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom13101435.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"787_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10505","volume":"8","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Chen WJ, Han YY, Xu X, Yang AX, Wei J, et al. Neuroprotective effect of engineered Clostridium butyricum-pMTL007\u2010GLP\u20101 on Parkinson\u2019s disease mice models via promoting mitophagy. Bioeng Transl Med. 2023;8:e10505.","journal-title":"Bioeng Transl Med"},{"key":"787_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2931580","volume":"2021","author":"M Nemati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nemati M, Omrani GR, Ebrahimi B, Montazeri-Najafabady N. The beneficial effects of probiotics via autophagy: a systematic review. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:2931580.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"787_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0093-1","volume":"20","author":"J Yuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuan J, Amin P, Ofengeim D. Necroptosis and RIPK1-mediated neuroinflammation in CNS diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019;20:19\u201333.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"787_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20558","volume":"540","author":"J Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin J, Kumari S, Kim C, Van TM, Wachsmuth L, Polykratis A, et al. RIPK1 counteracts ZBP1-mediated necroptosis to inhibit inflammation. Nature. 2016;540:124\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"787_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401176","volume":"10","author":"SB Bratton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bratton SB, Cohen GM. Death receptors leave a caspase footprint that Smacs of XIAP. Cell Death Differ. 2003;10:4\u20136.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"787_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400998","volume":"9","author":"H Puthalakath","year":"2002","unstructured":"Puthalakath H, Strasser A. Keeping killers on a tight leash: transcriptional and post-translational control of the pro-apoptotic activity of BH3-only proteins. Cell Death Differ. 2002;9:505\u201312.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"787_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00187-2","volume":"103","author":"DC Huang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Huang DC, Strasser A. BH3-only proteins-essential initiators of apoptotic cell death. Cell. 2000;103:839\u201342.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"787_CR37","first-page":"2922","volume":"15","author":"X Wang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wang X. The expanding role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Genes Dev. 2001;15:2922\u201333.","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"787_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076118","volume":"297","author":"S Kumar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kumar S, Vaux DL. Apoptosis. A Cinderella caspase takes center stage. Science. 2002;297:1290\u20131.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"787_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.01.001","volume":"30","author":"A Strasser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Strasser A, Jost PJ, Nagata S. The many roles of FAS receptor signaling in the immune system. Immunity. 2009;30:180\u201392.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"787_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5345","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08445-x","volume":"50","author":"M Amin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amin M, Navidifar T, Saeb S, Barzegari E, Jamalan M. Tumor-targeted induction of intrinsic apoptosis in colon cancer cells by Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains. Mol Biol Rep. 2023;50:5345\u201354.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"787_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1525-4","volume":"19","author":"L Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang L, Zhao Z, Duan C, Wang C, Zhao Y, Yang G, et al. Lactobacillus plantarum C88 protects against aflatoxin B(1)-induced liver injury in mice via inhibition of NF-\u03baB-mediated inflammatory responses and excessive apoptosis. BMC Microbiol. 2019;19:170.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"787_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102534","author":"N Piqu\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piqu\u00e9 N, Berlanga M, Mi\u00f1ana-Galbis D. Health benefits of heat-killed (Tyndallized) probiotics: an overview. Int J Mol Sci. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20102534.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"787_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2308.08045","volume":"34","author":"S Choo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choo S, An M, Lim YH. Protective effects of heat-killed Ruminococcus albus against \u03b2-amyloid-induced apoptosis on SH-SY5Y cells. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024;34:85\u201393.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"787_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111067","volume":"155","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Du ZR, Wang X, Sun XR, Zhao Q, Zhao F, et al. Polymannuronic acid prebiotic plus Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG probiotic as a novel synbiotic promoted their separate neuroprotection against Parkinson\u2019s disease. Food Res Int. 2022;155:111067.","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"787_CR45","first-page":"52","volume-title":"Heat-killed probiotic Levilactobacillus brevis MKAK9 and its exopolysaccharide promote longevity by modulating aging hallmarks and enhancing immune responses in caenorhabditis elegans","author":"A Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar A, Saha MK, Kumar V, Bhattacharya A, Barge S, Mukherjee AK, et al. Heat-killed probiotic Levilactobacillus brevis MKAK9 and its exopolysaccharide promote longevity by modulating aging hallmarks and enhancing immune responses in caenorhabditis elegans, vol. 21. Immunity & ageing: I & A; 2024. p. 52."},{"key":"787_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.986542","volume":"9","author":"I Savary-Auzeloux","year":"2022","unstructured":"Savary-Auzeloux I, Jarzaguet M, Mign\u00e9 C, Kemeny JL, Novais-Gameiro L, de Azevedo M, et al. Anti-inflammatory Streptococcus thermophilus CNRZ160 limits sarcopenia induced by low-grade inflammation in older adult rats. Front Nutr. 2022;9:986542.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"787_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-023-10208-w","volume":"17","author":"D Yin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yin D, Zhao L, Deng S, Xie Y, Ro KS, Yang Z, et al. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum X7022 plays roles on aging mice with memory impairment induced by D-galactose through restoring neuronal damage, relieving inflammation and oxidative stress. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2025;17:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"key":"787_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-023-01055-9","volume":"78","author":"HY Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu HY, Li QC, Zhou WJ, Zhang HB, Chen ZX, Peng N, et al. Anti-oxidative and anti-aging effects of probiotic fermented ginseng by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites in Caenorhabditis elegans. Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 2023;78:320\u20138.","journal-title":"Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)"},{"key":"787_CR49","volume-title":"A potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum JBC5 improves longevity and healthy aging by modulating antioxidative, innate immunity and serotonin-signaling pathways in caenorhabditis elegans","author":"A Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar A, Joishy T, Das S, Kalita MC, Mukherjee AK, Khan MR. A potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum JBC5 improves longevity and healthy aging by modulating antioxidative, innate immunity and serotonin-signaling pathways in caenorhabditis elegans, vol. 11. Basel, Switzerland: Antioxidants; 2022."},{"key":"787_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins IJ. Anti-aging genes improve appetite regulation and reverse cell senescence and apoptosis in global populations. 2016.","DOI":"10.4236\/aar.2016.51002"},{"key":"787_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2019.0200","volume":"11","author":"AI Zaydi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zaydi AI, Lew LC, Hor YY, Jaafar MH, Chuah LO, Yap KP, et al. Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 improved brain health in aging rats via the serotonin, inflammatory and apoptosis pathways. Benef Microbes. 2020;11:753\u201366.","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"key":"787_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15811","volume":"102","author":"ST Ho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ho ST, Hsieh YT, Wang SY, Chen MJ. Improving effect of a probiotic mixture on memory and learning abilities in d-galactose-treated aging mice. J Dairy Sci. 2019;102:1901\u20139.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"787_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020324","author":"M Ren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren M, Li H, Fu Z, Li Q. Centenarian-sourced Lactobacillus casei combined with dietary fiber complex ameliorates brain and gut function in aged mice. Nutrients. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14020324.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"787_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","author":"JF Cryan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cryan JF, O\u2019Riordan KJ, Cowan CS, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TF, Boehme M, et al. The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiol Rev. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"787_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4476","volume":"20","author":"TC Fung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fung TC, Olson CA, Hsiao EY. Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20:145\u201355.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"787_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13601-y","volume":"7","author":"NM Vogt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vogt NM, Kerby RL, Dill-McFarland KA, Harding SJ, Merluzzi AP, Johnson SC, et al. Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci Rep. 2017;7:13537.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"787_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.018","volume":"167","author":"TR Sampson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sampson TR, Debelius JW, Thron T, Janssen S, Shastri GG, Ilhan ZE, et al. Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of parkinson\u2019s disease. Cell. 2016;167:1469\u201380. e12.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"787_CR58","unstructured":"Gong C. Gut microbiota modulation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. 2023."},{"key":"787_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21767\/2472-1158.100058","volume":"3","author":"IJ Martins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martins IJ. Single gene inactivation with implications to diabetes and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. J Clin Epigenetics. 2017;3:1\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"787_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2022.111757","volume":"210","author":"KN Prasad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prasad KN. A micronutrient mixture with collagen peptides, probiotics, cannabidiol, and diet may reduce aging, and development and progression of age-related Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and improve its treatment. Mech Ageing Dev. 2023;210:111757.","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"787_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15995","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103900","volume":"12","author":"V Cecarini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cecarini V, Bonfili L, Gogoi O, Lawrence S, Venanzi FM, Azevedo V, et al. Neuroprotective effects of p62(SQSTM1)-engineered lactic acid bacteria in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a pre-clinical study. Aging. 2020;12:15995\u20136020.","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"787_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02587-2","volume":"7","author":"L Bonfili","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bonfili L, Cecarini V, Berardi S, Scarpona S, Suchodolski JS, Nasuti C, et al. Microbiota modulation counteracts Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression influencing neuronal proteolysis and gut hormones plasma levels. Sci Rep. 2017;7:2426.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"787_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.31080\/ASNH.2023.07.1272","volume":"7","author":"A Sharma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharma A, Martins IJ. The role of microbiota in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Scientifci Nutritional Health. 2023;7:108\u201318.","journal-title":"Acta Scientifci Nutritional Health"},{"key":"787_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins I. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides and neuron toxicity in neurodegenerative diseases. 2018.","DOI":"10.33425\/2641-4333.1001"},{"key":"787_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10123-018-00051-3","volume":"22","author":"G Mohammadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammadi G, Dargahi L, Naserpour T, Mirzanejad Y, Alizadeh SA, Peymani A, et al. Probiotic mixture of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and bifidobacterium longum R0175 attenuates hippocampal apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Int Microbiol. 2019;22:317\u201323.","journal-title":"Int Microbiol"},{"key":"787_CR66","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"I Martins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martins I. Early diagnosis and nutritional treatment stabilizes neuropsychiatric disorders. Global J Med Research:(F) Dis. 2018;18:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Global J Med Research:(F) Dis"},{"key":"787_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12671","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012671","volume":"23","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Jaber VR, Pogue AI, Sharfman NM, Taylor C, Lukiw WJ. Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) as potent neurotoxic glycolipids in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:12671.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"787_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251345157","author":"L Loffredo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Loffredo L, Alfano AR, Ettorre E, Desideri G, Carnevale R, Forte M, et al. Effect of the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 on serum levels of NADPH oxidase-2 and lipopolysaccharide in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877251345157.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"787_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102927","volume":"12","author":"V Castelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Castelli V, d\u2019Angelo M, Lombardi F, Alfonsetti M, Antonosante A, Catanesi M, et al. Effects of the probiotic formulation SLAB51 in in vitro and in vivo parkinson\u2019s disease models. Aging. 2020;12:4641.","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"787_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104635","volume":"85","author":"L Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang L, Li S, Jiang Y, Zhao Z, Shen Y, Zhang J, et al. Neuroprotective effect of Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 on MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease model mice. J Funct Foods. 2021;85:104635.","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"}],"container-title":["Gut Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13099-025-00787-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13099-025-00787-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13099-025-00787-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T21:02:19Z","timestamp":1767646939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13099-025-00787-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["787"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13099-025-00787-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-4749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-4749","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"None.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2"}}