{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T22:45:44Z","timestamp":1782341144279,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institut Sukan Negara, Malaysia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>For athletes, overcoming obstacles in challenging situations like pandemic home training is crucial. Strategies and approaches in this context are not well-documented. Our study aims to investigate such a scenario from a performance standpoint, based on a major global crisis: the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This cross-sectional study surveyed athletes without disabilities using online questionnaires (35 languages) from May to July 2020. Questions included aspects of alternative routines, training monitoring, recovery, sleep patterns, injury occurrence\/prevention based on structured answers, and an open-ended question on lockdown training experiences.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Of the 11,762 athletes from 142 countries, 63% were male, including at World-Class, International, National, State and Recreational levels. During lockdown, 25% athletes used innovative or modern ways to maintain or improve fitness e.g., virtual reality and tracking devices (favoring World-Class level, 30%). Many athletes, regardless of gender (43%) watched video competitions to improve\/maintain their mental skills and performance [World-Class (47%) and International (51%)]. Contact frequency between athletes and their coaches was mainly at least once a week (36%), more among higher-level (World-Class\/International) than lower-level athletes (27 vs. 16%). Higher-level athletes (\u2265\u200954%) monitored training load and were assisted by their coaches (21%). During lockdown, stretching (67%) was considered one of the primary means of recovery, especially for higher-level athletes (&gt;\u200970%). Compared to pre-lockdown, about two-thirds of athletes reported \u201cnormal\u201d or \u201cimproved\u201d sleep quality and quantity, suggesting a low sleep quality pre-lockdown. On average, 40% utilized injury prevention exercises (at least) once a week [World-Class (51%) and International (39%)]. Most injury occurrences during lockdown involved the knee (18%), ankle (16%), and back (9%). Four key themes emerged regarding lockdown experiences: remote training adaptation (e.g., shifting training focus), training creativity (e.g., using household items), performance enhancement opportunities (e.g., refocusing neglected aspects), and mental and motivation challenges.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Both male and female athletes, particularly those of higher levels, displayed some adaptalibity during the COVID-19 lockdown, employing innovative approaches and technology for training. Many athletes implemented load monitoring, recovery, and attentive of injury prevention, while optimizing their sleep quality and quantity. Athletes demonstrated their abilities to navigate challenges, and utilized different coping strategies in response to the lockdown\u2019s constraints.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-024-00869-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T09:02:07Z","timestamp":1713171727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Supporting athletes during a challenging situation: recommendations from a global insight of COVID-19 home-based training experience"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8543-4489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jad Adrian","family":"Washif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7027-8126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florentina J.","family":"Hettinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-8053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achraf","family":"Ammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1058-6992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina Christa Janse","family":"van Rensburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6518-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Materne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2623-9557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Trabelsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1715-1863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Romdhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9162-4948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David B.","family":"Pyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9178-7678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karim","family":"Chamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"869_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01573-z","volume":"52","author":"JA Washif","year":"2022","unstructured":"Washif JA, Farooq A, Krug I, et al. Training during the COVID-19 lockdown: knowledge, beliefs, and practices of 12,526 athletes from 142 countries and six continents. Sports Med. 2022;52(4):933\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-021-01573-z","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"869_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0467","volume":"15","author":"D Bok","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bok D, Chamari K, Foster C. The pitch invader-COVID-19 canceled the game: what can science do for us, and what can the pandemic do for science? Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2020;15(7):917\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0467","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"869_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745765","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.745765","volume":"3","author":"G Martens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martens G, Delvaux F, Forthomme B, et al. Exercise-based injury prevention in high-level and professional athletes: narrative review and proposed standard operating procedure for future lockdown-like contexts after COVID-19. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;3:745765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2021.745765","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"19","key":"869_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103724","volume":"55","author":"YO Schumacher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schumacher YO, Tabben M, Hassoun K, et al. Resuming professional football (soccer) during the COVID-19 pandemic in a country with high infection rates: a prospective cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55(19):1092\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103724","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"869_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622858","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2020.622858","volume":"14","author":"JA Washif","year":"2021","unstructured":"Washif JA, Mohd Kassim SFA, Lew PCF, et al. Athlete\u2019s perceptions of a quarantine training camp during the COVID-19 lockdown. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;14(2):622858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2020.622858","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"1","key":"869_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010402","volume":"19","author":"JA Washif","year":"2021","unstructured":"Washif JA, Ammar A, Trabelsi K, et al. Regression analysis of perceived stress among elite athletes from changes in diet, routine and well-being: effects of the COVID-19 lockdown and bubble training camps. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;19(1):402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19010402","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"869_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2022.117040","volume":"39","author":"AC Paludo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paludo AC, Karpinski K, Silva SEF, et al. Effect of home training during the COVID-19 lockdown on physical performance and perceptual responses of team-sport athletes: a mini-review. Biol Sport. 2022;39(4):1095\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/biolsport.2022.117040","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"issue":"19","key":"869_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12710","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912710","volume":"19","author":"DA Bonilla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bonilla DA, Cardozo LA, V\u00e9lez-Guti\u00e9rrez JM, et al. Exercise selection and common injuries in fitness centers: a systematic integrative review and practical recommendations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(19):12710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191912710","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"869_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1993-6712","volume":"37","author":"J Heyn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heyn J, Strohm P, Sch\u00f6ffl V. Exercise resistance band induced injuries during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown training. Sportverletz Sportschaden. 2023;37(2):96\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1993-6712","journal-title":"Sportverletz Sportschaden"},{"key":"869_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093965","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1093965","volume":"13","author":"JA Washif","year":"2023","unstructured":"Washif JA, Kok LY, James C, et al. Athlete level, sport-type, and gender influences on training, mental health, and sleep during the early COVID-19 lockdown in Malaysia. Front Physiol. 2023;13:1093965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.1093965","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"869_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2022.114281","volume":"39","author":"\u0141 Radzimi\u0144ski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Radzimi\u0144ski \u0141, Lorenzo-Martinez M, Konefa\u0142 M, et al. Changes of physical match performance after the COVID-19 lockdown in professional soccer players according to their playing position. Biol Sport. 2022;39(4):1087\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/biolsport.2022.114281","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"key":"869_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604226","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.604226","volume":"3","author":"DR Seshadri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seshadri DR, Thom ML, Harlow ER, et al. Case report: return to sport following the COVID-19 lockdown and its impact on injury rates in the German soccer league. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;3:604226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2021.604226","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"10","key":"869_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2023.09.008","volume":"26","author":"K Chamari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chamari K, Schumacher YO, Chaabane M, et al. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on injury risk in Qatar\u2019s professional football. J Sci Med Sport. 2023;26(10):522\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2023.09.008","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"869_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2022.12.005","volume":"59","author":"E Tondelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tondelli E, Zabaloy S, Comyns TM, et al. Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on injury incidence and burden in amateur rugby union. Phys Ther Sport. 2023;59:85\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ptsp.2022.12.005","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"869_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2019.11.005","volume":"15","author":"J Charest","year":"2020","unstructured":"Charest J, Grandner MA. Sleep and athletic performance: impacts on physical performance, mental performance, injury risk and recovery, and mental health. Sleep Med Clin. 2020;15:41\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsmc.2019.11.005","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"869_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0377-9","volume":"45","author":"M N\u00e9d\u00e9lec","year":"2015","unstructured":"N\u00e9d\u00e9lec M, Halson S, Delecroix B, et al. Sleep hygiene and recovery strategies in elite soccer players. Sports Med. 2015;45:1547\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-015-0377-9","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"869_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01601-y","volume":"52","author":"M Romdhani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Romdhani M, Rae DE, N\u00e9d\u00e9lec M, et al. COVID-19 lockdowns: a worldwide survey of circadian rhythms and sleep quality in 3911 athletes from 49 countries, with data-driven recommendations. Sports Med. 2022;52(6):1433\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-021-01601-y","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"869_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8867","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238867","volume":"17","author":"A di Cagno","year":"2020","unstructured":"di Cagno A, Buonsenso A, Baralla F, et al. Psychological impact of the quarantine-induced stress during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak among Italian athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):8867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17238867","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"869_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465221087473","volume":"51","author":"L Jia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jia L, Carter MV, Cusano A, et al. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental and emotional health of athletes: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med. 2023;51(8):2207\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03635465221087473","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"869_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100715","volume":"53","author":"CL Reardon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reardon CL, Hainline B, Aron CM, et al. Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019). Br J Sports Med. 2019;53:667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100715","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"869_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-022-00951-y","volume":"18","author":"M Venturelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Venturelli M, Mancini A, Di Cagno A, et al. Adapted physical activity in subjects and athletes recovering from COVID-19: a position statement of the societ\u00e0 Italiana scienze motorie e sportive. Sport Sci Health. 2022;18(3):659\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11332-022-00951-y","journal-title":"Sport Sci Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"869_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.05.016","volume":"23","author":"L Pillay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pillay L, van Janse DCC, van Jansen A, et al. Nowhere to hide: the significant impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) measures on elite and semi-elite South African athletes. J Sci Med Sport. 2020;23(7):670\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.05.016","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"869_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.26582\/k.54.2.15","volume":"54","author":"JC Pagaduan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pagaduan JC, Washif JA, Krug I, et al. Training practices of Filipino athletes during the early COVID-19 lockdown. Kinesiology. 2022;54(2):335\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26582\/k.54.2.15","journal-title":"Kinesiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"869_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0543","volume":"17","author":"JA Washif","year":"2022","unstructured":"Washif JA, Sandbakk \u00d8, Seiler S, et al. COVID-19 lockdown: a global study investigating the effect of athletes\u2019 sport classification and sex on training practices. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;17(8):1242\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0543","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"3","key":"869_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-021-01182-y","volume":"56","author":"D Byrne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Byrne D. A worked example of Braun and Clarke\u2019s approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Qual Quant. 2022;56(3):1391\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11135-021-01182-y","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"issue":"2","key":"869_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peh.2023.100253","volume":"11","author":"AM Edwards","year":"2023","unstructured":"Edwards AM, Hettinga FJ. Virtual reality exercise platforms and the possibility for novel, engaging research in sport, exercise and health. Perform Enhanc Health. 2023;11(2):100253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peh.2023.100253","journal-title":"Perform Enhanc Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"869_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4767","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094767","volume":"18","author":"M Haddad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haddad M, Abbes Z, Mujika I, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on swimming training: practical recommendations during home confinement\/isolation. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18094767","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"869_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.040","volume":"222","author":"F Valeriani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valeriani F, Protano C, De Giorgi A, et al. Analysing features of home-based workout during COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. Public Health. 2023;222:100\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.040","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"21","key":"869_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.17179\/excli2022-4986","volume":"16","author":"I Dergaa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dergaa I, Ammar A, Souissi A, et al. COVID-19 lockdown: impairments of objective measurements of selected physical activity, cardiorespiratory and sleep parameters in trained fitness coaches. EXCLI J. 2022;16(21):1084\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17179\/excli2022-4986","journal-title":"EXCLI J"},{"key":"869_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588784","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.588784","volume":"11","author":"M Girardi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Girardi M, Casolo A, Nuccio S, et al. Detraining effects prevention: a new rising challenge for athletes. Front Physiol. 2020;11:588784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.588784","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"869_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0186","volume":"18","author":"JA Washif","year":"2022","unstructured":"Washif JA, Mujika I, DeLang MD, et al. Training practices of football players during the early COVID-19 lockdown worldwide. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;18(1):37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0186","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"5","key":"869_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094758","volume":"50","author":"AE Saw","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saw AE, Main LC, Gastin PB. Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):281\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094758","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"S2","key":"869_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S139","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0253-z","volume":"44","author":"SL Halson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Halson SL. Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes. Sports Med. 2014;44(S2):S139\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-014-0253-z","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"869_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677581","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.677581","volume":"12","author":"J Afonso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Afonso J, Clemente FM, Nakamura FY, et al. The effectiveness of post-exercise stretching in short-term and delayed recovery of strength, range of motion and delayed onset muscle soreness: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Physiol. 2021;12:677581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.677581","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"869_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2021.02.003","volume":"17","author":"TY Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim TY, Kim JH. Performance enhancement through meditation in athletes: insights from a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. EXPLORE. 2021;17(5):403\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.explore.2021.02.003","journal-title":"EXPLORE"},{"issue":"3","key":"869_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk8030138","volume":"8","author":"RM Ferreira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferreira RM, Silva R, Vig\u00e1rio P, et al. The effects of massage guns on performance and recovery: a systematic review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2023;8(3):138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk8030138","journal-title":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"869_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0759","volume":"13","author":"M Kellmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kellmann M, Bertollo M, Bosquet L, et al. Recovery and performance in sport: Consensus statement. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018;13(2):240\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0759","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"869_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904778","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.904778","volume":"13","author":"M Romdhani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Romdhani M, Fullagar HHK, Vitale JA, et al. Lockdown duration and training intensity affect sleep behavior in an international sample of 1,454 elite athletes. Front Physiol. 2022;13:904778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.904778","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"869_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0187","volume":"18","author":"M Romdhani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Romdhani M, Washif JA, Taylor L, et al. Soccer players\u2019 sleep quality and training load were affected by the COVID-19 lockdown: an international survey. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2023;18(5):530\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0187","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"869_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099322","volume":"53","author":"SS Roberts","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roberts SS, Teo W-P, Warmington SA. Effects of training and competition on the sleep of elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53:513\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099322","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"869_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0905-3103","volume":"40","author":"KC Vitale","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vitale KC, Owens R, Hopkins SR, et al. Sleep hygiene for optimizing recovery in athletes: review and recommendations. Int J Sports Med. 2019;40(8):535\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-0905-3103","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"869_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8982","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19158982","volume":"19","author":"M Quintana-Cepedal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Quintana-Cepedal M, Rodr\u00edguez M\u00c1, Crespo I, et al. Injury characteristics among young adults during and immediately after the COVID-19 lockdown. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(15):8982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19158982","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"869_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2020.96857","volume":"38","author":"A Ammar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ammar A, Trabelsi K, Brach M, et al. Effects of home confinement on mental health and lifestyle behaviours during the COVID-19 outbreak: insight from the ECLB-COVID19 multicenter study. Biol Sport. 2020;38:37\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/biolsport.2020.96857","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"issue":"3","key":"869_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0121159","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121159","volume":"10","author":"N Gupta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gupta N, Christiansen CS, Hallman DM, et al. Is objectively measured sitting time associated with low back pain? A cross-sectional investigation in the NOMAD study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3):e0121159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0121159","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"869_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099784","volume":"54","author":"TJ Gabbett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gabbett TJ. Debunking the myths about training load, injury and performance: empirical evidence, hot topics and recommendations for practitioners. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54:58\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099784","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"869_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-023-00653-w","volume":"9","author":"M Taheri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taheri M, Saad HB, Washif JA, et al. Comparative study of the long-term impact of the covid-19 pandemic on mental health and nutritional practices among international elite and sub-elite athletes: a sample of 1420 participants from 14 countries. Sports Med Open. 2023;9(1):104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-023-00653-w","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"869_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0284725","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284725","volume":"18","author":"C Lundqvist","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lundqvist C, Schary DP, Ekl\u00f6f E, et al. Elite lean athletes at sports high schools face multiple risks for mental health concerns and are in need of psychosocial support. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(4):e0284725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284725","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"869_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2019.1570473","volume":"18","author":"K Henriksen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henriksen K, Schinke R, Moesch K, et al. Consensus statement on improving the mental health of high performance athletes. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2020;18(5):553\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1612197X.2019.1570473","journal-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"869_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561198","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.561198","volume":"8","author":"F Leguizamo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leguizamo F, Olmedilla A, N\u00fa\u00f1ez A, et al. Personality, coping strategies, and mental health in high-performance athletes during confinement derived from the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health. 2021;8:561198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2020.561198","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"869_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622595","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.622595","volume":"11","author":"M Leyton-Rom\u00e1n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leyton-Rom\u00e1n M, de la Vega R, Jim\u00e9nez-Castuera R. Motivation and commitment to sports practice during the lockdown caused by COVID-19. Front Psychol. 2021;11:622595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.622595","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"869_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623068","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2020.623068","volume":"2","author":"AR Jagim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jagim AR, Luedke J, Fitzpatrick A, et al. The impact of COVID-19-related shutdown measures on the training habits and perceptions of athletes in the United States: a brief research report. Front Sports Act Living. 2020;2:623068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2020.623068","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"869_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01","volume":"11","author":"EL Deci","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deci EL, Ryan RM. The what and why of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychol Inq. 2000;11:227\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01","journal-title":"Psychol Inq"},{"key":"869_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2023.104050","volume":"240","author":"T Hussain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hussain T, Wang D, Li B. Psychological resilience in athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative insight. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2023;240:104050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2023.104050","journal-title":"Acta Psychol (Amst)"},{"key":"869_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00118","volume":"8","author":"FJ Hettinga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hettinga FJ, Konings MJ, Pepping G-J. The science of racing against opponents: affordance competition and the regulation of exercise intensity in head-to-head competition. Front Physiol. 2017;8:118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2017.00118","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"869_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000368","volume":"4","author":"AM Edwards","year":"2018","unstructured":"Edwards AM, Dutton-Challis L, Cottrell D, et al. Impact of active and passive social facilitation on self-paced endurance and sprint exercise: encouragement augments performance and motivation to exercise. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2018;4(1):368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000368","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"key":"869_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610882","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.610882","volume":"11","author":"A Ruffault","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruffault A, Bernier M, Fournier J, et al. Anxiety and motivation to return to sport during the French COVID-19 lockdown. Front Psychol. 2020;11:610882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.610882","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"869_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Romdhani M, Ammar A, Trabelsi K et al. Ramadan observance exacerbated the negative effects of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep and training behaviors: a international survey on 1,681 muslim athletes. Front Nutr. 2022;9:925092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.925092","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.925092"},{"issue":"4","key":"869_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2022.117576","volume":"39","author":"JA Washif","year":"2022","unstructured":"Washif JA, Pyne DB, Sandbakk O, et al. Ramadan intermittent fasting induced poorer training practices during the COVID-19 lockdown: a global cross-sectional study with 5529 athletes from 110 countries. Biol Sport. 2022;39(4):1103\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/biolsport.2022.117576","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"869_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2024.132987","volume":"41","author":"JA Washif","year":"2024","unstructured":"Washif JA, Pagaduan J, James C, et al. Artificial intelligence in sport: exploring the potential of using ChatGPT in resistance training prescription. Biol Sport. 2024;41(2):209\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/biolsport.2024.132987","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"869_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2024.133661","volume":"41","author":"I Dergaa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dergaa I, Ben Saad I, El Omri, et al. Using artificial intelligence for exercise prescription in personalised health promotion: a critical evaluation of OpenAI\u2019s GPT-4 model. Biol Sport. 2024;41(2):221\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/biolsport.2024.133661","journal-title":"Biol Sport"}],"container-title":["BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13102-024-00869-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13102-024-00869-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13102-024-00869-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T09:09:30Z","timestamp":1713172170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13102-024-00869-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13102-024-00869-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2052-1847"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-1847","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures conducted in the study involving human participants were under the Helsinki Statement regarding human research. The study was approved by the institutional review boards of the <i>Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia, the University of Melbourne, University of Cassino e Lazio Meridionale<\/i>, and <i>Qatar University<\/i>. Furthermore, every participant who completed the anonymous survey gave their consent to participate in the study (informed consent was obtained from all the participants), having been informed that their anonymized results would be published.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"83"}}