{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:40:21Z","timestamp":1787020821771,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant","award":["No.LQN25H170002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.LQN25H170002"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department under Grant","award":["No.Y202457247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.Y202457247"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-025-01230-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T03:15:20Z","timestamp":1751426120000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of gender and training years on the upper extremity dynamic balance function in adolescent swimmers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zi-An","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Feng","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi-Hao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Hao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1230_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(96)82849-9","volume":"3","author":"DA Winter","year":"1995","unstructured":"Winter DA. Human balance and posture control during standing and walking. Gait Posture. 1995;3(4):193\u2013214.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR2","first-page":"42","volume":"42","author":"E Bressel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bressel E, Yonker JC, Kras J, Heath EM. Comparison of static and dynamic balance in female collegiate soccer, basketball, and gymnastics athletes. J Athl Train. 2007;42(1):42.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"3","key":"1230_CR3","first-page":"367","volume":"42","author":"CN Brown","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brown CN, Mynark R. Balance deficits in recreational athletes with chronic ankle instability. J Athl Train. 2007;42(3):367.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"4","key":"1230_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.4100\/jhse.2011.64.05","volume":"6","author":"L Ricotti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ricotti L. Static and dynamic balance in young athletes. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2011;6(4):616\u201328.","journal-title":"J Hum Sport Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2015.09.003","volume":"27","author":"CE Rivera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rivera CE. Core and lumbopelvic stabilization in runners. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2016;27(1):319\u201337.","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"1230_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737060-00007","volume":"37","author":"C Hrysomallis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hrysomallis C. Relationship between balance ability, training and sports injury risk. Sports Med. 2007;37(6):547\u201356.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1230_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0926-0","volume":"48","author":"A Gebel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gebel A, Lesinski M, Behm DG, Granacher U. Effects and Dose-Response relationship of balance training on balance performance in youth: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2018;48(9):2067\u201389.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"1230_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.09.012","volume":"48","author":"CB McCabe","year":"2015","unstructured":"McCabe CB, Sanders RH, Psycharakis SG. Upper limb kinematic differences between breathing and non-breathing conditions in front crawl sprint swimming. J Biomech. 2015;48(15):3995\u20134001.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"1230_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-47.2.149","volume":"47","author":"A Tate","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tate A, Turner GN, Knab SE, Jorgensen C, Strittmatter A, Michener LA. Risk factors associated with shoulder pain and disability across the lifespan of competitive swimmers. J Athl Train. 2012;47(2):149\u201358.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"1230_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartolomeu RF, Sampaio T, Oliveira JP, Barbosa TM, Morais JE. Association between the upper quarter dynamic balance, anthropometrics, kinematics, and swimming speed. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2023;8(3).","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk8030096"},{"issue":"10","key":"1230_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096847","volume":"51","author":"F Struyf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Struyf F, Tate A, Kuppens K, Feijen S, Michener LA. Musculoskeletal dysfunctions associated with swimmers\u2019 shoulder. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(10):775\u201380.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"1230_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.98.3c.1171-1176","volume":"98","author":"CD Davlin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Davlin CD. Dynamic balance in high level athletes. Percept Mot Skills. 2004;98(3 Pt 2):1171\u20136.","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"1230_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2024.02.043","volume":"39","author":"C Steele","year":"2024","unstructured":"Steele C, Valentin S. Intrinsic and extrinsic variables impacting upper quarter Y-balance test scores in sporting cohorts: A systematic review. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2024;39:183\u201394.","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"issue":"06","key":"1230_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0573-1388","volume":"39","author":"D Borms","year":"2018","unstructured":"Borms D, Cools A. Upper-extremity functional performance tests: reference values for overhead athletes. Int J Sports Med. 2018;39(06):433\u201341.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1230_CR15","first-page":"518","volume":"9","author":"RJ Butler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Butler RJ, Myers HS, Black D, Kiesel KB, Plisky PJ, Moorman CT 3, et al. Bilateral differences in the upper quarter function of high school aged baseball and softball players. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2014;9(4):518\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1230_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2023.02.003","volume":"21","author":"HR Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu HR, Zhang YH, Mao Y, Ngo TL, Zhang Q, He G, et al. Validity and reliability of upper extremity star excursion balance test in adolescent swimmers. J EXERC SCI FIT. 2023;21(2):210\u20137.","journal-title":"J EXERC SCI FIT"},{"issue":"6","key":"1230_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231221716","volume":"16","author":"QH Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang QH, Zhang YH, Du SH, Wang YC, Xu HR, Chen JW, et al. Reliability and validity of the star excursion balance test for evaluating dynamic balance of upper extremities. Sports Health. 2024;16(6):923\u201330.","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1230_CR18","first-page":"199","volume":"12","author":"TD Salo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salo TD, Chaconas E. The effect of fatigue on upper quarter Y-Balance test scores in recreational weightlifters: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2017;12(2):199\u2013205.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"1230_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2015-0168","volume":"26","author":"H Myers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Myers H, Poletti M, Butler RJ. Difference in functional performance on the Upper-Quarter Y-Balance test between high school baseball players and wrestlers. J Sport Rehabil. 2017;26(3):253\u20139.","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"1230_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2023.58","volume":"12","author":"JH Cintra-Andrade","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cintra-Andrade JH, Ripka WL, Heymsfield SB. Skinfold calipers: which instrument to use? J Nutr Sci. 2023;12:e82.","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"key":"1230_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2022-0056","volume":"83","author":"M Kuberski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kuberski M, Polak A, Szo\u0142tys B, Markowski K, Zarzeczny R. Associations between selected biological features and absolute and relative swimming performance of prepubescent boys over a 3-Year swimming training program: A longitudinal study. J Hum Kinet. 2022;83:143\u201353.","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"issue":"12","key":"1230_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0375-y","volume":"45","author":"M Lesinski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lesinski M, Hortob\u00e1gyi T, Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Effects of balance training on balance performance in healthy older adults: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(12):1721\u201338.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1230_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0284-5","volume":"45","author":"M Lesinski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lesinski M, Hortob\u00e1gyi T, Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Dose-response relationships of balance training in healthy young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(4):557\u201376.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220.2022.2157386","volume":"40","author":"R Baccouch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baccouch R, Ben Waer F, Laatar R, Borji R, Rebai H, Sahli S. Swimming, better than tennis, develops sensorimotor adaptabilities involved in postural balance in 5-6-year-old children. Somatosens Mot Res. 2023;40(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Somatosens Mot Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"1230_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.10.016","volume":"40","author":"HE Veeger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Veeger HE, van der Helm FC. Shoulder function: the perfect compromise between mobility and stability. J Biomech. 2007;40(10):2119\u201329.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"1230_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004329","volume":"37","author":"JL Nuzzo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nuzzo JL. Narrative review of sex differences in muscle strength, endurance, activation, size, Fiber type, and strength training participation rates, preferences, motivations, injuries, and neuromuscular adaptations. J Strength Cond Res. 2023;37(2):494\u2013536.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.06.008","volume":"24","author":"FO Madaleno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Madaleno FO, Verhagen E, Ferreira TV, Ribeiro T, Ocarino JM, Resende RA. Normative reference values for handgrip strength, shoulder and ankle range of motion and upper-limb and lower limb stability for 137 youth judokas of both sexes. J Sci Med Sport. 2021;24(1):41\u20135.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"1230_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.17","volume":"49","author":"R Butler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Butler R, Arms J, Reiman M, Plisky P, Kiesel K, Taylor D, et al. Sex differences in dynamic closed kinetic chain upper quarter function in collegiate swimmers. J Athl Train. 2014;49(4):442\u20136.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"7","key":"1230_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094423","volume":"49","author":"ZY Kerr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kerr ZY, Baugh CM, Hibberd EE, Snook EM, Hayden R, Dompier TP. Epidemiology of National collegiate athletic association men\u2019s and women\u2019s swimming and diving injuries from 2009\/2010 to 2013\/2014. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(7):465\u201371.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1230_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1590\/bjpt-rbf.2014.0109","volume":"19","author":"AM Cools","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cools AM, Johansson FR, Borms D, Maenhout A. Prevention of shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: a science-based approach. Braz J Phys Ther. 2015;19(5):331\u20139.","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.08.018","volume":"39","author":"H Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park H, Branson D, Kim S, Warren A, Jacobson B, Petrova A, et al. Effect of armor and carrying load on body balance and leg muscle function. Gait Posture. 2014;39(1):430\u20135.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"2","key":"1230_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23078","volume":"29","author":"J Berge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berge J, Hjelmesaeth J, Hertel JK, Gjevestad E, Sm\u00e5stuen MC, Johnson LK, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise intensity on energy expenditure and weight loss in severe Obesity-A randomized controlled trial. Obes (Silver Spring). 2021;29(2):359\u201369.","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"1230_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.10.009","volume":"92","author":"A Petridou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petridou A, Siopi A, Mougios V. Exercise in the management of obesity. Metabolism. 2019;92:163\u20139.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"1230_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.07.014","volume":"61","author":"DL Swift","year":"2018","unstructured":"Swift DL, McGee JE, Earnest CP, Carlisle E, Nygard M, Johannsen NM. The effects of exercise and physical activity on weight loss and maintenance. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;61(2):206\u201313.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1230_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.9.2.104","volume":"9","author":"J Hertel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hertel J, Miller SJ, Denegar CR. Intratester and intertester reliability during the star excursion balance tests. J Sport Rehabil. 2000;9(2):104\u201316.","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"}],"container-title":["BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13102-025-01230-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13102-025-01230-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13102-025-01230-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T03:15:21Z","timestamp":1751426121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13102-025-01230-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13102-025-01230-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2052-1847"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-1847","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Human Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Sport (2018042). All willing participants and their legal guardians signed informed consent forms prior to the tests. The study was conducted according to local regulatory requirements and laws and the ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects detailed in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"171"}}